Researchers hypothesize that most super-centenarians survive and are in good health due to which of the following factors?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because it states that the exact cause of super-centenarians' longevity and good health is not known. This acknowledges the uncertainty and complexity of the situation, highlighting the need for further research and understanding. Explanation for why the other choices are incorrect: A: Genetic makeup alone may not fully explain super-centenarians' survival, as there are likely additional factors involved. B: Living in wealthier areas does not guarantee longevity or good health, as there are many other factors at play. D: While quality medical care and improved social conditions can contribute to health, they are not the sole reasons for super-centenarians' exceptional longevity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Providing palliative care focused on symptom management and comfort. This is the most appropriate intervention for an older adult with advanced heart failure as it prioritizes quality of life by focusing on alleviating symptoms and ensuring comfort. High-dose diuretics (choice A) may lead to electrolyte imbalances and worsen the patient's condition. Initiating aggressive cardiac surgery (choice C) may be too risky and invasive for an older adult with advanced heart failure. Enforcing strict bed rest (choice D) can lead to deconditioning and muscle wasting, further compromising the patient's quality of life.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because consistent routines and environmental modifications have been shown to be the most effective approach in reducing agitation and aggression in older adults with dementia. This approach focuses on providing structure and familiarity, which can help decrease confusion and anxiety in individuals with dementia. Physical restraints (A) are not recommended as they can lead to further agitation and pose risks of injury. Increased sedation with antipsychotics (B) should be used as a last resort due to potential side effects and risks. Ignoring the behavior (D) is not appropriate as it can exacerbate the situation and lead to further distress for the individual.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Correct Answer: C - Maintain blood pressure below 120/70 mm Hg. Rationale: 1. Older African American individuals are at higher risk for hypertension. 2. African American men have a higher prevalence of hypertension compared to other demographic groups. 3. Hypertension is a common health issue among Jamaican individuals. 4. Keeping blood pressure below 120/70 mm Hg helps prevent complications like stroke and heart disease. Summary: A. Attributing illness to voodoo is culturally inappropriate and lacks evidence-based practice. B. Improving social relationships may be beneficial but is not directly related to the man's health needs. D. Reviewing magicoreligious systems is not relevant to addressing the man's health issues like hypertension.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Decreased lean body mass and decreased glomerular filtration rate. 1. Decreased lean body mass: With aging, there is a natural decline in muscle mass which can affect the distribution and metabolism of digoxin, potentially increasing its concentration in the body. 2. Decreased glomerular filtration rate: As individuals age, there is a decrease in kidney function, particularly in the glomerular filtration rate, which can lead to decreased excretion of digoxin, resulting in its accumulation and potential toxicity. Therefore, these age-related changes can place the older client at risk for digoxin toxicity. Summary: B: Increased muscle mass and improved renal function - This choice is incorrect as aging is associated with decreased muscle mass and declining renal function. C: Higher levels of albumin and increased drug metabolism - This choice is incorrect as aging is typically associated with decreased albumin levels and slower drug metabolism. D: Decreased hepatic function and increased body fluid

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because baby boomers were exposed to unhealthy lifestyle choices and environments in their formative years, contributing to the prevalence of chronic conditions. This is supported by research showing that environmental factors, such as diet and exposure to toxins, play a significant role in the development of chronic illnesses. Additionally, unhealthy habits established in youth can have long-term effects on health. Choice A is incorrect because higher physical activity rates during youth would typically lead to better health outcomes, not increased chronic conditions. Choice C is incorrect as better access to preventive healthcare services would likely reduce chronic conditions, not increase them. Choice D is incorrect because education about nutrition and wellness would typically lead to healthier lifestyle choices and lower rates of chronic conditions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Depression. Depression is a strong predictor of functional decline in older adults because it can lead to decreased motivation, social withdrawal, and physical symptoms that affect daily activities. Depression is also associated with cognitive impairment, which can further impact functioning. Being physically active (A) and high socioeconomic status (B) are generally positive factors for maintaining function. Advanced age (C) alone is not a strong predictor of functional decline compared to depression.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Medications and polypharmacy. In older adults, incontinence is commonly caused by medications that affect bladder control, such as diuretics, sedatives, and anticholinergics. Polypharmacy can worsen this by increasing the likelihood of drug interactions. Chronic urinary tract infections (A) can cause incontinence but are less common in older adults. Neurological disorders (B) like dementia or stroke can also lead to incontinence but are not the most common cause. Poor hydration (D) can exacerbate incontinence but is not the primary cause.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because polypharmacy in older adults increases the risk of adverse drug reactions and interactions due to multiple medications being taken concurrently. This can lead to medication errors, decreased adherence, drug toxicity, and increased healthcare costs. Choice A is incorrect as polypharmacy does not improve overall quality of life but rather can negatively impact it. Choice C is incorrect as polypharmacy does not prevent age-related health conditions but can exacerbate them. Choice D is incorrect as polypharmacy has a significant impact on health outcomes in older adults.