Renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. How do they maintain normal cell volume?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Tubule cells synthesize solutes like urea to balance high medullary osmolarity and maintain volume.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Diabetes insipidus involves insufficient secretion or response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to excessive water loss, not insulin (diabetes mellitus) or other options.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acute kidney injury (AKI) results from sudden ischemia/hypoxia, unlike pyelonephritis (infection), cystitis (bladder inflammation), or chronic kidney disease (gradual decline).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: After surgery, it is common for patients to experience post-operative edema, which is the swelling caused by excess fluid in the body's tissues. To reduce this swelling, a hypertonic solution would be used. Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes compared to the body's cells, which helps draw out the excess fluid from the tissues and into the bloodstream. This helps to decrease the edema and promote healing. Therefore, as a nurse, it would be expected to see a hypertonic solution being used for Nick to address his post-op edema.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Beans and chicken are the best foods for a hyperkalemic patient because they are low in potassium. Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood, so it is important for the patient to consume foods that are low in potassium to help regulate their potassium levels. Whole grain bread and pudding may contain higher levels of potassium, while low Na broth may not have a significant impact on potassium levels.