Renal threshold of glucose:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal threshold (~180 mg/dL or mg%) is the plasma glucose level where reabsorption saturates, spilling into urine not rate (mg/min) or higher values. This distinguishes glucose homeostasis, critical for diabetes, contrasting with saturation definitions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In sarcoidosis, hypercalciuria stems from absorptive hypercalciuria excess vitamin D from granulomas increases gut calcium absorption, spilling into urine. Renal hypercalciuria involves kidney leak, not primary in sarcoidosis absorption drives it. Low calcium intake reduces, not raises, urinary calcium opposite effect. Reduced oxalate excretion is unrelated oxalate binds calcium, not source here. Absorptive mechanism distinguishes sarcoidosis' systemic etiology, key to its stone risk, unlike renal, dietary, or oxalate factors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Emphysematous cystitis shows a 'cobble stoned' or 'beaded necklace' X-ray appearance gas bubbles in bladder wall from infection (e.g., E. coli). Papillary necrosis lacks gas sloughed papillae. Pelvic lipomatosis shows fat, not gas radiolucent. Malacoplakia has plaques, not gas pattern chronic inflammation. Gas-driven cobble stoning distinguishes emphysematous cystitis, key to its radiographic diagnosis, unlike necrosis, fat, or plaque conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: TURBT electrocautery can stimulate the obturator nerve runs near bladder lateral wall, causing thigh adduction (obturator kick). Sciatic nerve (leg) is distant unrelated. Genitofemoral (genital) and ilioinguinal (inguinal) innervate other areas bladder surgery spares them. Obturator's proximity distinguishes it, key to this surgical complication, unlike distant or regional nerves.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: DCE MRI assesses vascularity (contrast uptake), not clear anatomic images T2 does anatomy incorrect. T1 detects hemorrhage (bright) true. T2 shows prostate zones (anatomic) accurate. DWI measures water diffusion (cancer detection) correct. DCE's functional focus distinguishes the error, key to multiparametric MRI's role, unlike true imaging modes.