Renal threshold of glucose:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal threshold is ~180 mg/dL (mg%), where glucose spills into urine not mg/min (rate), saturation alone, or 370 mg%. This defines glycosuria onset, critical for glucose homeostasis, contrasting with rate or saturation definitions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In acidosis, kidneys form ammonia, excrete keto-acids, and reabsorb bicarbonate not excrete it (conserved). This defines renal compensation, critical for pH balance, contrasting with bicarbonate loss.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Incomplete ureteric bud-metanephric fusion causes double ureter not polycystic, pelvic, lobulation, or horseshoe (fusion anomalies). This defines congenital defect, critical for urology, contrasting with other malformations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Peritubular capillaries stem from efferent arterioles not afferent, intralobular, interlobular, or arcuate. This specifies post-glomerular flow, critical for reabsorption, contrasting with pre-glomerular sources.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Bladder supply includes superior/inferior vesical, middle rectal, and obturator not inferior rectal (anus). This corrects vascular anatomy, vital for pelvic surgery, contrasting with rectal supply.