Renal filtration barrier is composed of all of the following structures EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Filtration barrier includes fenestrated endothelium, basal lamina, and filtration slits none excluded. This confirms barrier components, critical for selectivity, contrasting with exclusion errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In females, mesonephric tubules form epoophoron, paroophoron, and their ducts all vestigial remnants. 'All' includes these Gartner's duct precursors, critical for understanding female rudiments, contrasting with partial selections.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Vesicourethral canal forms most of the bladder not whole (trigone from mesonephric ducts), prostatic urethra (partly sinus), female urethra (sinus), or all; 'most' fits. This specifies bladder origin, critical for development, contrasting with full scope.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Excretion removes metabolic waste e.g., urea, COâ‚‚ from cellular processes (kidneys, lungs). Undigested food waste is defecation not excretion in this context. Used hormones are degraded not primarily excreted whole. Pathogens are fought by immunity not routinely excreted. Metabolic waste's removal distinguishes it, critical for homeostasis, unlike fecal, hormonal, or immune processes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Aldosterone stimulates Na and water reabsorption e.g., collecting duct ENaC channels, raising BP. H excretion is intercalated cells not aldosterone's focus. Water excretion opposes diuresis not retention. Na /Ca² misaligns Ca² separate. Na /water retention distinguishes it, critical for volume control, unlike excretion or ion errors.