Renal childhood diseases responsible for chronic hypertension include

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric patients, chronic hypertension can be caused by various renal diseases. The correct answer, option D) congenital dysplastic kidney, is associated with the development of hypertension due to structural abnormalities in the kidney that affect its ability to regulate blood pressure. This condition can lead to long-term hypertension in children. Option A) nephrotic syndrome is a renal disease characterized by protein loss in the urine, leading to edema and hypoalbuminemia, but it is not typically associated with chronic hypertension in children. Option B) hemolytic uremic syndrome is a condition that involves the presence of anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury following a gastrointestinal infection, but it is not a common cause of chronic hypertension in pediatric patients. Option C) acute tubular necrosis is a form of acute kidney injury that can occur due to various factors such as ischemia or nephrotoxic medications. While it can lead to transient changes in blood pressure, it is not a typical cause of chronic hypertension in children. Educationally, understanding the renal diseases that can lead to chronic hypertension in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for this population. Recognizing the relationship between renal function and blood pressure regulation helps nurses in early identification, management, and prevention of complications related to hypertension in children.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding arrhythmias in children is crucial for providing safe and effective care. In this context, the correct answer is A) Re-entry Tachycardia is the commonest. Re-entry tachycardia, specifically AV nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT), is one of the most common types of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in children. It occurs due to a re-entrant circuit within the AV node, leading to rapid heart rates. Option B) Adenosine decreases the force of cardiac contractility is incorrect. Adenosine is a first-line medication for terminating SVT by blocking AV nodal conduction, not by affecting cardiac contractility. Option C) SVT can cause hydrops foetalis is incorrect. Hydrops foetalis is a condition of severe fetal edema, usually caused by conditions such as immune hydrops or fetal heart failure, not SVT. Option D) Valsalva maneuver can restore sinus rhythm is incorrect. While the Valsalva maneuver can be used to help diagnose and sometimes treat certain arrhythmias, it is not typically effective in restoring sinus rhythm in pediatric patients with arrhythmias. Understanding pediatric arrhythmias, their common presentations, diagnostic tools, and treatment modalities is essential for pediatric nurses. Being able to differentiate between various types of arrhythmias and their management strategies ensures timely and appropriate interventions to promote positive patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) is crucial for providing safe and effective care to young patients. The correct answer, "B) Adenosine helpful in management," is the most appropriate option. Adenosine is a common medication used to treat SVT by slowing down the heart rate and restoring normal sinus rhythm. This intervention is effective and commonly used in clinical practice. Option A, "A) HR . 220 /min," is incorrect as a heart rate of 220 beats per minute is extremely high and indicative of SVT, but it does not offer a management strategy. Option C, "C) Beat to beat variation is not present," is incorrect because in SVT, there is typically a regular, rapid heart rate without beat-to-beat variation. Option D, "D) Valsalva maneuver is a treatment method," is incorrect because while the Valsalva maneuver can be attempted as a vagal maneuver to try and slow down the heart rate in some cases of SVT, it is not a definitive treatment method and adenosine is usually preferred. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to be familiar with the management of SVT in children, including the use of adenosine. Understanding the appropriate interventions for SVT can help nurses provide timely and effective care, ensuring positive outcomes for their pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding congenital complete heart block is crucial. The correct answer, option B - SLE mother's child, is the most appropriate choice because congenital complete heart block can be associated with maternal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This autoimmune condition can lead to the development of autoantibodies that cross the placenta and affect the fetal heart's electrical conduction system, resulting in complete heart block. Option A - Corrected TGA (transposition of the great arteries) is incorrect as it does not directly relate to congenital complete heart block. Option C - Prolonged QT syndrome is also incorrect as it pertains to a different cardiac condition characterized by a prolonged QT interval on an electrocardiogram. Option D - MgSO4 therapy to the mother is unrelated to congenital complete heart block and is typically used for conditions like preeclampsia. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the potential maternal factors that can contribute to congenital heart block in infants. It underscores the need for nurses to assess and monitor infants born to mothers with autoimmune conditions like SLE to provide appropriate care and interventions. Understanding these connections is essential for pediatric nurses caring for infants with congenital heart conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding cardiovascular conditions like coarctation of the aorta is essential for providing safe and effective care to young patients. In this case, the correct answer is option C: "Radio femoral delay is a feature." This is because coarctation of the aorta often presents with a characteristic finding of delayed or diminished pulse in the femoral artery compared to the radial artery. Option A, "Associated with Turner's syndrome," is incorrect because although Turner's syndrome is associated with various cardiovascular anomalies, it is not directly linked to coarctation of the aorta. Option B, "Commonest is preductal type," is incorrect as coarctation of the aorta is more commonly seen in the postductal type. Option D, "Systolic BP in lower limb is higher than in upper limb," is incorrect because in coarctation of the aorta, there is typically higher blood pressure in the upper extremities compared to the lower extremities due to the obstruction in the aorta. Educationally, understanding the characteristic clinical manifestations of coarctation of the aorta, such as radio femoral delay, helps nurses and healthcare providers in early recognition, timely intervention, and appropriate management of this condition in pediatric patients. Recognition of these key features can lead to better outcomes and improved quality of care for children with congenital heart defects.