Regarding vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) (the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder to the ureter and kidney). All the following are true EXCEPT

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question about vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions, the correct answer is C) the mean age at VUR resolution is 10 years. Explanation: - The correct answer is that the mean age at VUR resolution is 10 years because VUR often resolves spontaneously as children grow older due to maturation of the urinary tract anatomy and function. - Option A is true because VUR is typically a congenital condition, meaning it is present at birth. - Option B is also true as severe cases of VUR can lead to kidney damage and hypertension in children if left untreated. - Option D is true as the severity of VUR is commonly graded using voiding cystourethrogram, a radiographic imaging study. Educational Context: Understanding VUR is crucial for pediatric nurses as it is a common urinary issue in children. Knowing that VUR often resolves by the age of 10 helps nurses in their patient care and management strategies. Nurses need to be aware of the potential complications of VUR, such as kidney damage and hypertension, to provide timely interventions and prevent long-term consequences. Grasping the diagnostic methods like voiding cystourethrogram aids nurses in collaborating with healthcare providers to determine appropriate treatment plans for children with VUR.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Augmentation cystoplasty is a surgical procedure commonly performed in pediatric patients with bladder dysfunction. Complications post-surgery are essential to understand for pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions. The correct answer, option B - metabolic alkalosis, is not a typical complication of augmentation cystoplasty. Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by elevated pH and bicarbonate levels in the blood, usually associated with conditions like vomiting or diuretic use, not directly related to this surgical procedure. Bladder calculi (option A) can occur due to changes in bladder function post-surgery, leading to mineral deposits. Malignant neoplasm (option C) is a potential long-term complication due to the increased risk of malignancy in the augmented bladder. Urinary tract infection (option D) is a common complication post-augmentation cystoplasty due to changes in bladder dynamics and presence of foreign materials. Understanding these complications is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients post-augmentation cystoplasty. It allows for early identification, intervention, and prevention of potential adverse outcomes, ensuring optimal patient care and outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding the relationship between family history and nocturnal enuresis is crucial for effective intervention. The correct answer is D) 70% because a positive family history significantly increases the likelihood of a child experiencing nocturnal enuresis. Genetic predisposition, inherited bladder abnormalities, and familial stressors can all contribute to this condition, making it more prevalent in children with a family history of enuresis. Option A) 10% is incorrect because the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in children with a positive family history is much higher than this conservative estimate. Option B) 30% is also incorrect as it underestimates the impact of familial factors on the occurrence of enuresis. Option C) 50% is closer to the actual prevalence but still falls short of the substantial influence of family history on the condition. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of considering familial factors when assessing and managing pediatric genitourinary issues. By understanding the strong correlation between family history and conditions like nocturnal enuresis, nurses can provide more targeted interventions and support for affected children and their families. This knowledge underscores the need for comprehensive assessments that take into account both genetic and environmental influences on pediatric health.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding priapism, a prolonged and painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation, is crucial. High-flow priapism is typically caused by a disruption in the normal venous drainage of the penis, leading to increased arterial flow without adequate venous outflow. Option B, perineal trauma, is the most common cause of high-flow priapism in children. Trauma to the perineum can result in arteriovenous fistulas, causing increased blood flow to the penis, leading to priapism. This makes option B the correct answer. Sickle cell disease (option A) is commonly associated with low-flow priapism due to vaso-occlusion of the penile vasculature. Sildenafil (option C) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction and is not a common cause of high-flow priapism. Leukemia (option D) is not a typical cause of high-flow priapism in pediatric patients. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing different types of priapism and their respective etiologies in pediatric patients. Understanding the underlying causes can guide appropriate nursing interventions and treatment strategies for this potentially serious condition.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing interventions, understanding the etiology of symptoms like dysuria, urgency, and frequency is crucial for accurate assessment and management. In this context, the correct answer is B) bladder. The irritative symptoms mentioned typically indicate the presence of a bladder calculus. Calculi in the bladder can lead to irritation of the bladder wall, causing these symptoms. This understanding is essential for nurses to provide appropriate care and intervention for pediatric patients presenting with these symptoms. Option A) urethra is incorrect because calculi in the urethra usually present with symptoms like obstructive voiding rather than irritative symptoms. Option C) distal ureter is incorrect because calculi in this location commonly cause flank pain and hematuria rather than the irritative symptoms described in the question. Option D) middle part of ureter is also incorrect as calculi in this location often present with colicky flank pain radiating to the groin, rather than the irritative symptoms associated with bladder calculi. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing different symptoms associated with calculi in various locations along the genitourinary tract. Understanding these distinctions is vital for accurate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment in pediatric patients with genitourinary issues.