Regarding TOF, one of the following statements is true?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the correct statement is A) Squatting is a common clinical presentation. This is because squatting helps decrease the systemic vascular resistance, which can improve blood flow to the lungs in TOF patients, relieving cyanosis. This physiological response is known as the squatting maneuver and is a characteristic finding in TOF. Option B) Hypercyanotic spells in TOF are managed by increasing systemic vascular resistance, typically with methods like knee-chest position or administration of oxygen, not IV digoxin. IV digoxin is not recommended in this scenario. Option C) Brain abscess is not a common neurological complication in TOF. Complications like hypoxic brain injury or developmental delays due to chronic hypoxemia are more likely. Option D) The typical murmur heard in TOF is a systolic ejection murmur, not a pansystolic murmur. Understanding the characteristic findings in TOF is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this congenital heart defect. Recognizing these clinical presentations and appropriate interventions are essential for providing safe and effective care to these children.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Encopresis is a condition where a child voluntarily passes stool in inappropriate places, such as in their underwear. This behavior is usually not due to a medical issue but rather psychological factors like stress or resistance to toilet training. Therefore, option C is correct as it directly describes the characteristic feature of encopresis. Option A, rabbit pellets form of stool, describes a possible appearance of stool but does not define encopresis. Option B, diarrhea, is a completely different bowel issue characterized by loose, watery stools. Option D, hard infrequent painful defecation, describes constipation, which is also distinct from encopresis. In an educational context, understanding the correct definition of encopresis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide appropriate care and support to children and their families. By recognizing the behavior patterns associated with encopresis, nurses can tailor interventions to address the underlying causes and help the child overcome this condition effectively.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding acute hepatitis A is crucial. The correct answer is D) Extrahepatic manifestations like cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. This is because acute hepatitis A is primarily a hepatic illness but can also present with extrahepatic manifestations such as cutaneous vasculitis and arthritis. These manifestations can help healthcare providers differentiate hepatitis A from other types of hepatitis. Option A) More than one serotype recognized is incorrect because hepatitis A is caused by a single serotype of the hepatitis A virus, which is an RNA virus. Option B) Maternal transmission is common is incorrect as hepatitis A is primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices, rather than being commonly transmitted from mother to child. Option C) DNA virus is incorrect because hepatitis A is an RNA virus, not a DNA virus. Educationally, understanding the clinical manifestations of hepatitis A is essential for pediatric nurses to provide accurate assessment, diagnosis, and care for pediatric patients. Recognizing extrahejsonatic manifestations can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of acute hepatitis A cases in children. Nurses play a vital role in educating families about prevention strategies, such as vaccination and hygiene practices, to reduce the spread of hepatitis A in pediatric populations.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) Viral pneumonia. Hyperinflation with bilateral interstitial infiltrates and peri-bronchial cuffing are classic radiographic findings in viral pneumonia. Viral pneumonia is commonly associated with these radiographic manifestations due to the inflammatory response in the lungs leading to hyperinflation and interstitial infiltrates. The peri-bronchial cuffing seen is a result of inflammation and edema around the bronchial walls. Option B) Typical bacterial pneumonia usually presents with lobar consolidation rather than interstitial infiltrates and hyperinflation. Option C) Parasitic pneumonia is rare and typically presents with a different pattern on radiographic imaging. Option D) Fungal pneumonia often presents with nodular opacities or cavitations on imaging, rather than the described findings. Understanding the radiographic manifestations of different types of pneumonia is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these patterns can aid in prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the FAB classification of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the correct answer is B) L2 is associated with large-size blasts. This classification system categorizes ALL based on cell size, nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear chromatin pattern, and presence of nucleoli. L2 subtype is characterized by larger blasts with more prominent nucleoli and less cytoplasm compared to L1 subtype. Option A) L1 is associated with CNS infiltration is incorrect because L1 subtype is actually associated with a higher incidence of mediastinal involvement, not CNS infiltration. Option C) L2 is associated with CNS infiltration is also incorrect as CNS infiltration is more commonly seen in T-cell ALL rather than being specific to L2 subtype. Option D) L1 is associated with blast vacuoles is incorrect as blast vacuoles are more commonly seen in L3 subtype of ALL. Educationally, understanding the FAB classification is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with ALL as it helps in determining the prognosis, guiding treatment decisions, and predicting response to therapy. Nurses must be familiar with the different subtypes and their respective characteristics to provide optimal care and support to these vulnerable patients and their families.