Regarding sumatriptan:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Sumatriptan is a medication commonly used to treat migraines in pediatric patients. The correct answer is B) Its onset of action is within 15 minutes of subcutaneous administration. This is because subcutaneous administration allows for rapid absorption of the drug, leading to a quick onset of action, making it effective for treating acute migraine attacks. Option A) It has a good oral bioavailability is incorrect because sumatriptan actually has poor oral bioavailability, limiting its effectiveness when taken orally. Option C) Is a 5-HT agonist is correct in stating that sumatriptan is a selective 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist, which contributes to its vasoconstrictive effects in treating migraines. Option D) Acts on adrenergic and muscarinic receptors is incorrect as sumatriptan primarily acts on serotonin receptors, not adrenergic or muscarinic receptors. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological properties of sumatriptan is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for patients with migraines. Knowing the correct route of administration, onset of action, and mechanism of action helps nurses provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients experiencing migraine attacks. It also highlights the importance of accurate drug administration to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes in pediatric cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding pharmacology is crucial when managing cardiovascular disorders. The correct answer is A) Renin. Renin is a potent vasoconstrictor as it initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), leading to the production of angiotensin II, a powerful vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure. Option B) Angiotensin I is incorrect as it is a precursor to angiotensin II and does not possess vasoconstrictive properties. Option C) Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator, not a vasoconstrictor, playing a key role in regulating vascular tone. Option D) PGI2 (prostacyclin) is also a vasodilator and an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, exerting opposite effects to vasoconstriction. Educationally, grasping the mechanisms of vasoconstriction and vasodilation is vital for managing pediatric cardiovascular conditions. Knowing the actions of specific vasoactive substances helps in selecting appropriate pharmacological interventions to stabilize hemodynamics in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding hemolytic anemia is crucial. The correct answer is B) Haemosiderinuria. Hemolytic anemia is characterized by the premature destruction of red blood cells, leading to the release of hemoglobin into the bloodstream. Haemosiderinuria, the presence of hemosiderin (a byproduct of hemoglobin breakdown) in the urine, is a key indicator of intravascular hemolysis, a common feature of hemolytic anemia. Option A) Increased haptoglobin is incorrect because in hemolytic anemia, haptoglobin levels are decreased due to the binding of free hemoglobin. Option C) Polychromasia is a feature seen in conditions like iron deficiency anemia, not specifically in hemolytic anemia. Option D) Megaloblastic bone marrow is associated with vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies, not hemolytic anemia. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of hemolytic anemia in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide effective care. Recognizing key laboratory findings like haemosiderinuria can aid in early diagnosis and intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the most common type of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), which is 21-hydroxylase deficiency, the correct answer is D) 17-OH progesterone is increased. This is because 21-hydroxylase is essential for cortisol production, and its deficiency leads to a build-up of precursors like 17-OH progesterone, resulting in the characteristic hormonal imbalances seen in CAH. Option A) Autosomal dominant transmission occurs is incorrect because CAH is an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning two copies of the defective gene are needed for the condition to manifest. Option B) II -Hydroxylase is deficient is incorrect as II-hydroxylase deficiency is a different subtype of CAH, not the most common type. Option C) Hypertension is seen is incorrect because although hypertension can be a complication of CAH due to mineralocorticoid deficiency, it is not a defining feature of the most common type of CAH. Understanding the specifics of CAH subtypes and their associated biochemical abnormalities is crucial in pediatric nursing, especially when managing patients with endocrine disorders. Recognizing the correct diagnostic markers like elevated 17-OH progesterone levels in 21-hydroxylase deficiency is vital for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment interventions in pediatric patients with CAH.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is crucial. The correct answer is "D) Easy scarring" because one of the recognized features of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is skin hyperextensibility and easy bruising, leading to characteristic scarring. This is due to abnormalities in collagen synthesis and structure, which are hallmark features of the syndrome. Option A, "Mutation in fibrillin gene," is incorrect because that is associated with Marfan syndrome, not Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Short stature, option B, is not a typical feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which primarily affects connective tissue integrity, not necessarily growth. Keratoconus, option C, is a condition involving the cornea and is not directly related to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing key clinical features of genetic disorders like Ehlers-Danlos syndrome in pediatric patients. Understanding these distinctions can aid in early identification, appropriate management, and improved outcomes for children with such conditions. Nurses must be equipped with this knowledge to provide comprehensive care and support to pediatric patients and their families.