Regarding starvation:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for the correct answer (B): 1. During starvation, the body shifts to using ketoacids derived from fats for fuel. 2. The brain and other tissues can utilize these ketoacids. 3. This process helps to spare protein and prevent muscle breakdown. 4. Therefore, choice B is correct as ketoacids play a crucial role in providing energy during starvation. Summary of why other choices are incorrect: A: Glycogen stores are depleted within 24 hours, not 48 hours. C: Hypoglycemia during starvation does not have a protein sparing effect. D: The average time until death from starvation is typically much shorter than 40 days.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct term for the digestive tract that begins at the mouth and finishes at the anus is called the alimentary canal. This term specifically refers to the entire passage through which food passes and is digested. The term "alimentary" pertains to nourishment or nutrition, making it the most accurate description of the digestive tract. A: Digestive passage is too broad and vague, not specifying the entire route of digestion. B: Elementary canal is not a commonly used term in anatomy to describe the digestive tract. D: Intestinal tract specifically refers to the section of the digestive system that includes the small and large intestines, excluding the mouth, esophagus, and stomach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct order is D: Duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine connected to the stomach for digestion. Next is the jejunum, where most of the nutrients are absorbed. Lastly, the ileum completes the absorption process before reaching the large intestine. Choice A is incorrect as it has the parts in the wrong order. Choice B also has the parts in the wrong order. Choice C has the duodenum and ileum in the correct position but switches the jejunum and ileum.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it states that none of the above choices are similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. This is accurate as choices B, C, and D all highlight similarities between hormones and neurotransmitters. Choice B is correct as both are chemical messengers, choice C is correct because some hormones and neurotransmitters can be chemically identical, and choice D is correct because both produce molecules that act on receptors. Therefore, A is the correct choice as it states that there are no similarities between the two, which is not the case.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is C) weight loss, fatigue, and depression. These nonspecific manifestations can alert a nurse to endocrine dysfunction because they are commonly associated with various endocrine disorders such as thyroid disorders, adrenal insufficiency, or diabetes. Weight loss can be a sign of hyperthyroidism or adrenal insufficiency, where the body is breaking down nutrients faster than usual. Fatigue is a common symptom of many endocrine disorders due to hormonal imbalances affecting energy levels. Depression can be linked to thyroid disorders or hormonal imbalances affecting mood regulation. Option A) goiter and alopecia are more specific to thyroid disorders like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, rather than nonspecific manifestations that could signal various endocrine issues. Option B) exophthalmos and tremors are more indicative of hyperthyroidism specifically, rather than general nonspecific signs of endocrine dysfunction. Option D) polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are classic symptoms of diabetes mellitus, indicating hyperglycemia, rather than nonspecific manifestations that can point to a range of endocrine disorders. Educationally, understanding these common nonspecific manifestations is crucial for nurses to recognize early signs of endocrine dysfunction, initiate appropriate assessments, and collaborate with healthcare providers for timely interventions and management. Early detection can lead to better outcomes for patients with endocrine disorders.