Regarding sodium homeostasis, what is the volume of distribution of sodium?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding sodium homeostasis is crucial due to its impact on a child's health. The volume of distribution of sodium refers to the theoretical volume in which a given amount of sodium would need to be uniformly distributed to produce the observed serum concentration. The correct answer is D) 0.6. Explanation: Sodium primarily exists in the extracellular fluid, with a distribution of 0.6 L/kg in the body. This means that for every kilogram of body weight, sodium is distributed in 0.6 liters of fluid. Understanding this value is essential for calculating sodium deficits or excesses accurately in pediatric patients. Why others are wrong: A) 0.2, B) 0.3, and C) 0.5 are incorrect because they do not reflect the actual volume of distribution of sodium in the body. Choosing any of these options would lead to miscalculations in determining sodium imbalances and could potentially harm pediatric patients. Educational context: Pediatric nurses must grasp the fundamental concepts of sodium homeostasis to provide safe and effective care to children. By knowing the correct volume of distribution of sodium, nurses can accurately assess, monitor, and manage sodium levels in pediatric patients, especially those at risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or other sodium-related conditions. This knowledge is vital in preventing complications and promoting optimal health outcomes in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of hyperkalemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Major trauma. Hyperkalemia with a normal total body potassium can occur as a result of major trauma leading to tissue damage and the release of potassium from intracellular stores into the bloodstream. Option A) Hyperaldosteronism is incorrect because hyperaldosteronism typically leads to hypokalemia due to increased excretion of potassium in the urine by aldosterone. Option B) Large amounts of potassium in IV fluids can cause hyperkalemia, but in this case, the total body potassium would not be normal. Option D) Metabolic alkalosis is not typically associated with hyperkalemia; instead, it is more commonly linked to hypokalemia due to a shift of potassium into cells in exchange for hydrogen ions to correct the alkalosis. Educationally, understanding the nuances of electrolyte imbalances in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide safe and effective care. Recognizing the specific causes of hyperkalemia helps nurses to identify and address underlying issues promptly to prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, performing chest compressions correctly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial for ensuring the best outcomes for the infant. The correct answer, option D, "With 2 fingers of one hand," is based on the guidelines for infant CPR. Using two fingers allows for more precise and controlled compressions on the infant's small chest, ensuring effective circulation of blood. Option A, using the heel of one hand and the other hand on top, is incorrect as it can lead to excessive force being applied, potentially causing harm to the infant's delicate ribs and organs. Option B, using the heel of one hand only, and option C, using 4 fingers of one hand, are also incorrect as they do not provide the necessary precision and depth required for effective chest compressions on an infant. Educationally, understanding the correct technique for infant CPR is essential for healthcare professionals working in pediatric settings. By using two fingers of one hand for chest compressions, practitioners can deliver appropriate care during emergencies, potentially saving lives. Regular training and practice in infant CPR techniques are vital to ensure competency and readiness to respond effectively in critical situations involving pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, recognizing early signs of shock is crucial for timely intervention and preventing complications. The correct answer is D) Tachycardia. In pediatric patients, tachycardia is often one of the earliest signs of shock. When the body is in a state of shock, the heart rate increases as a compensatory mechanism to maintain adequate tissue perfusion. Option A) Hypotension is a late sign of shock in pediatric patients. Children can maintain their blood pressure until they are significantly hypovolemic, so hypotension is a concerning sign but not an early indicator. Option B) Disturbed consciousness level may occur in shock, but it is a later and more severe manifestation. Children typically exhibit tachycardia before alterations in consciousness. Option C) Cheyne-Stokes breathing is a pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by apnea. While it can occur in some conditions, it is not a specific early sign of shock in pediatric patients. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to understand the progression of shock in pediatric patients. Recognizing early signs allows for prompt intervention, which can significantly impact patient outcomes. Emphasizing the significance of tachycardia as an early indicator of shock helps students prioritize assessments and interventions in pediatric emergencies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the drugs used during resuscitation is critical for providing effective care in emergency situations. The correct answer is C) Digitalis is not used during resuscitation in pediatric patients. Digitalis is a medication mainly used for heart conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation in adults. It is not indicated for use in pediatric resuscitation scenarios due to the potential toxicity and lack of evidence supporting its efficacy in this population. A) Atropine is used in pediatric resuscitation to treat symptomatic bradycardia. B) Bicarbonate may be used in cases of metabolic acidosis or certain poisonings. D) Epinephrine is a key medication in pediatric resuscitation for managing cardiac arrest and severe allergic reactions. Educationally, understanding the appropriate medications for pediatric resuscitation helps nurses make quick and accurate decisions to optimize patient outcomes. It is essential for nurses to be familiar with the indications, dosages, and potential side effects of these medications to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical situations.