Regarding Non-Hodgkin lymphoma:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. Option B, stating that an abdominal mass is the most common clinical presentation of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is the correct answer. This is because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presents with enlarged lymph nodes in the abdomen, leading to the detection of an abdominal mass upon physical examination or imaging studies. Option A, stating that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is less common than Hodgkin's lymphoma, is incorrect. In fact, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common than Hodgkin's lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 90% of all lymphomas diagnosed. Option C, suggesting that systemic symptoms are common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is incorrect. While systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats can occur in some cases, they are not as common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma as in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Option D, claiming that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unicentric in origin, is also incorrect. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is multicentric in origin, meaning it can involve multiple lymph nodes and organs throughout the body. In an educational context, understanding the clinical presentations and characteristics of different types of lymphoma is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially pediatric nurses, as they play a vital role in the assessment, care, and support of children with cancer. By knowing the common clinical presentations of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, nurses can promptly recognize symptoms, facilitate timely diagnosis, and provide appropriate care and education to patients and their families.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The difference between unmeasured plasma cations and anions. The anion gap is a calculated value used in medicine to help diagnose certain conditions, particularly acid-base disorders. It represents the difference between the major measured cations (sodium and potassium) and the major measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in the blood. The unmeasured plasma cations and anions, such as sulfate, phosphate, and organic acids, contribute to the anion gap. Option A is incorrect because it oversimplifies the concept by only focusing on positively and negatively charged plasma molecules, without considering specific ions involved in the anion gap calculation. Option B is incorrect because it misidentifies the components involved in the anion gap. While sodium is a major cation, the anion gap is not just the difference between sodium and unmeasured negatively charged molecules. Option D is incorrect because it confuses the anion gap with the normal reference range for bicarbonate levels, which is not the same as the anion gap calculation. Understanding the anion gap is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics, as it can help in diagnosing conditions like metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. It is essential for nurses working in pediatric settings to grasp this concept to provide optimal care for their patients and effectively communicate with other healthcare team members.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of metabolic acidosis is crucial for providing quality care to children. In this question, the correct answer is B) Diarrhea, which can lead to metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap. Diarrhea causes the loss of bicarbonate-rich fluid from the body, leading to an increase in chloride concentration in the blood. This results in a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the loss of bicarbonate without a corresponding increase in anions. Option A) Diabetic ketoacidosis causes an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones in the blood. Option C) Salicylate poisoning leads to an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis from the presence of salicylates. Option D) Renal failure can cause a normal or increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, depending on the underlying cause. Educationally, understanding these different etiologies of metabolic acidosis is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing the specific causes helps in accurate assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning for children presenting with acid-base imbalances. This knowledge also underlines the importance of a thorough patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, the administration of drugs during resuscitation is crucial to support a child's cardiovascular and respiratory systems. The correct answer, D) Digitalis, is not typically used in pediatric resuscitation scenarios due to its potential toxicity in children and the availability of safer alternatives. A) Atropine is used to treat bradycardia by blocking the action of the vagus nerve, increasing heart rate. B) Bicarbonate is used to correct metabolic acidosis and can be administered during resuscitation to help correct pH imbalances. C) Epinephrine is a key drug in pediatric resuscitation as it acts as a vasoconstrictor and inotrope, helping to improve cardiac output and blood pressure. Educationally, understanding the appropriate use of drugs in pediatric resuscitation is vital for nurses caring for children in emergency situations. It is essential to be aware of the indications, dosages, and potential side effects of each medication to provide safe and effective care. Digitalis, being inappropriate for pediatric resuscitation, highlights the importance of tailored interventions for this vulnerable population.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the indications and contraindications for gastric lavage is crucial for safe and effective patient care. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) All of the above - Glasgow Coma Scale 5, kerosene ingestion, and ingestion of corrosives are all contraindications for gastric lavage in pediatrics. Gastric lavage is contraindicated in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale of 5 because they are at a high risk of aspiration due to their decreased level of consciousness. Kerosene ingestion can lead to lipid pneumonia if aspirated during lavage, making it a contraindication. Ingestion of corrosives can cause further damage to the esophagus and stomach if lavage is attempted. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to understand these contraindications to avoid causing harm to the patient. Knowledge of when not to perform gastric lavage is just as critical as knowing when it is indicated. This information helps nurses make informed decisions based on the specific needs and condition of the pediatric patient in their care.