Regarding Non-Hodgkin lymphoma:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing, understanding the key differences between Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is crucial for accurate assessment and management. The correct answer, option B, states that an abdominal mass is the most common clinical presentation of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children. This is accurate because Non-Hodgkin lymphoma often presents with extranodal involvement in pediatric patients, frequently manifesting as an abdominal mass due to lymph node enlargement in the abdomen. Option A, stating that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is less common than Hodgkin's lymphoma, is incorrect. In reality, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more common in children than Hodgkin's lymphoma. Understanding this helps in recognizing the prevalence and characteristics of each type of lymphoma. Option C, mentioning that systemic symptoms are common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is also incorrect. While systemic symptoms can occur, they are less common in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma compared to Hodgkin's lymphoma. This differentiation is important in the assessment of pediatric patients presenting with lymphadenopathy. Option D, claiming that Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is unicentric in origin, is incorrect. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be both unicentric and multicentric, with multicentric involvement being more common in pediatric cases. Recognizing this helps in determining the extent of disease and planning appropriate interventions. Educationally, understanding these nuances is essential for pediatric nurses to provide comprehensive care to children with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. By grasping the distinct clinical presentations and characteristics of different types of lymphomas, nurses can contribute significantly to early detection, timely intervention, and improved outcomes for pediatric patients with these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) The difference between unmeasured plasma cations & anions. The anion gap is an important concept in pediatric nursing as it helps in diagnosing various metabolic disorders such as metabolic acidosis. The anion gap is calculated by subtracting the sum of measured cations (sodium) from the sum of measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in the plasma. Option A is incorrect because the anion gap is not about the difference between positively and negatively charged plasma molecules in general. Option B is incorrect because the anion gap specifically relates to unmeasured anions, not just unmeasured negatively charged molecules in general. Option D is incorrect because the anion gap does not involve bicarbonate specifically, it is about the difference between unmeasured plasma cations and anions. Understanding the anion gap is crucial for nurses working with pediatric patients as abnormal values can indicate underlying health conditions that require prompt assessment and intervention. It is a valuable tool in assessing acid-base balance and can guide treatment decisions in pediatric patients with metabolic disturbances.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Diarrhea. Diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap due to the loss of bicarbonate in the stool, leading to an increase in chloride. This results in an acidosis with a normal anion gap because the lost bicarbonate is replaced by chloride. A) Diabetic ketoacidosis causes an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones in the blood. C) Salicylate poisoning leads to an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis by directly affecting acid-base balance. D) Renal failure causes a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the inability of the kidneys to excrete acid effectively. In an educational context, understanding the causes of metabolic acidosis is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide effective care to pediatric patients. Knowing the specific differences between the various causes helps nurses in assessing and managing acid-base disorders in children. This knowledge is vital for providing safe and efficient care to pediatric patients with metabolic acidosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, resuscitation drugs are crucial in managing critically ill children. The correct answer, "D) Digitalis," is not typically used in pediatric resuscitation scenarios due to its potential toxic effects in children. Digitalis is a cardiac glycoside primarily used in adult populations with specific cardiac conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation. Atropine (A), Bicarbonate (B), and Epinephrine (C) are commonly used in pediatric resuscitation for different purposes. Atropine is used to treat bradycardia, bicarbonate can be given in cases of severe metabolic acidosis, and epinephrine is a key drug in managing cardiac arrest situations in children. Understanding the appropriate use of resuscitation drugs in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses caring for children in emergency situations. It is essential to be aware of the indications, dosages, and potential adverse effects of these medications to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients in critical conditions. Being able to differentiate between drugs that are appropriate and inappropriate for pediatric resuscitation is fundamental knowledge for pediatric nurses to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the indications and contraindications for gastric lavage is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children in emergency situations. Gastric lavage, the process of flushing out the stomach, is used in cases of certain poison ingestions. The correct answer, option D (All of the above), is the appropriate choice as all the listed conditions are contraindications for gastric lavage. Option A, Glasgow Coma Scale 5, indicates severe neurological impairment, making the child unable to protect their airway during the procedure, which can lead to aspiration and further complications. Option B, kerosene ingestion, is a petroleum-based product that can cause lung injury if aspirated during the lavage procedure. Option C, ingestion of corrosives, can cause damage to the esophagus, and lavage can further exacerbate the injury by increasing contact with the corrosive substance. Educationally, it is important for pediatric nurses to recognize when gastric lavage is contraindicated to prevent harm to the child. Understanding these contraindications helps nurses make informed decisions and provide appropriate care in poisoning emergencies. By knowing the specific scenarios in which gastric lavage should not be performed, nurses can advocate for alternative treatments and ensure the safety and well-being of their pediatric patients.