Regarding malaria:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of malaria, understanding the life cycle of different Plasmodium species is crucial for effective management. Option A, stating that Plasmodium ovale has an exoerythrocytic cycle, is correct. This means that the parasite resides in the liver before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. This knowledge is important for choosing appropriate treatment regimens. Option B is incorrect because Plasmodium malariae can cause relapses even after years of the primary infection. This highlights the need for long-term monitoring and potential treatment. Option C is incorrect as chloroquine resistance is widespread in many regions, particularly in areas where Plasmodium falciparum is endemic. Using chloroquine for prophylaxis in these areas can be ineffective and dangerous. Option D is incorrect because primaquine is not used to eradicate falciparum malaria. Primaquine is primarily used to treat and prevent relapses of Plasmodium vivax and ovale by targeting the liver stage of the parasite. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific characteristics of different Plasmodium species and the implications for treatment. It also highlights the significance of staying updated on current guidelines for malaria management, including drug resistance patterns, to provide safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE), the correct answer is A) Deficiency of C1 esterase occurs. This condition is characterized by a genetic deficiency or dysfunction of C1 esterase inhibitor, leading to uncontrolled activation of the complement system and bradykinin release, resulting in episodes of angioedema. Option B) Can present as recurrent abdominal pain is incorrect because HANE typically presents with recurrent episodes of non-pitting edema affecting the skin and mucous membranes rather than abdominal pain. Option C) C4 is increased is incorrect because in HANE, C4 levels are typically decreased due to uncontrolled complement activation and consumption. Option D) Androgen agonists are helpful in management is incorrect because androgen agonists can exacerbate symptoms in HANE due to their potential to increase bradykinin levels. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of HANE is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients as prompt recognition and management of angioedema episodes are essential to prevent life-threatening complications. Recognizing the genetic basis of HANE and the role of C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency in its pathogenesis can guide appropriate interventions and improve patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing pharmacology, understanding water excretion is crucial in managing cardiovascular conditions in children. The correct answer is B) Is influenced by vasopressin. Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), plays a key role in regulating water excretion by increasing water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephron, thus reducing urine output and conserving water in the body. This is especially important in pediatric patients to maintain fluid balance, blood pressure, and electrolyte levels. Option A) Is influenced by the proximal tubule is incorrect because the proximal tubule primarily reabsorbs water and solutes, not excretes water. Option C) Depends on erythropoietin is incorrect as erythropoietin is a hormone primarily involved in stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow, not in regulating water excretion. Option D) Is influenced by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is incorrect because the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions, not directly influencing water excretion. By understanding the role of vasopressin in water excretion, pediatric nurses can assess and manage conditions such as dehydration, fluid overload, and electrolyte imbalances in pediatric patients effectively. This knowledge is vital for providing safe and competent care to children with cardiovascular issues.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the factors that trigger renin stimulation is crucial. The correct answer is C) Hypovolaemia. Renin is released by the kidneys in response to low blood volume or hypovolaemia. When the body senses a decrease in blood volume, renin is secreted to initiate the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) to help restore blood pressure and volume. Option A) Hyponatraemia, though related to electrolyte imbalance, is not a direct trigger for renin stimulation. ACTH (option B) is a hormone released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal glands, not specifically linked to renin release. Option D) ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) actually works in opposition to renin by promoting natriuresis and diuresis, leading to decreased blood volume and pressure. Educationally, understanding the physiological mechanisms behind renin release provides insight into how the body regulates blood pressure and volume. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses to assess and manage conditions like hypovolaemia effectively, ensuring optimal outcomes for their young patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is crucial for providing effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer is C) Decreased transferrin. In anemia of chronic inflammation, there is a disruption in iron metabolism characterized by increased levels of hepcidin, leading to decreased availability of iron for erythropoiesis. Transferrin is a protein that binds and transports iron in the blood. In this type of anemia, there is a decrease in transferrin levels due to the sequestration of iron within macrophages, thus reducing the amount of iron available for erythropoiesis. A) Increased MCV is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is typically normocytic or microcytic, not macrocytic. B) Decreased ferritin is incorrect because ferritin levels are typically increased in anemia of chronic inflammation as a result of increased iron storage in macrophages. D) Normal MCHC is incorrect because anemia of chronic inflammation is often associated with a decrease in MCHC due to the disruption in iron metabolism. Understanding these characteristic indices in anemia of chronic inflammation is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition, as it guides appropriate assessment, monitoring, and treatment strategies to manage the anemia effectively.