Regarding foreign body aspiration, one of the following statements is false:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and foreign body aspiration, it is crucial to understand the key clinical presentations and management strategies. The correct answer, A) All children with bronchial foreign bodies typically present with classic triad, is false. Not all children with bronchial foreign bodies present with the classic triad of cough, wheeze, and diminished breath sounds. Some may present with atypical symptoms or be asymptomatic. Option B) Negative clinical manifestation does not exclude foreign body aspiration is correct because the absence of symptoms does not rule out the possibility of foreign body aspiration, and a high index of suspicion is necessary. Option C) Laryngeal foreign body presenting with hoarseness or aphonia is also correct because these symptoms are commonly associated with laryngeal foreign bodies affecting the vocal cords. Option D) When foreign body aspiration is suspected, bronchoscopy must be done is incorrect because not all cases require bronchoscopy. The decision for bronchoscopy should be based on a thorough clinical evaluation and consideration of the risks and benefits. Educationally, understanding the various presentations of foreign body aspiration in children and the appropriate management strategies is essential for pediatric nurses. This knowledge helps in timely recognition, intervention, and prevention of complications associated with foreign body aspiration in pediatric patients. Nurses play a critical role in advocating for prompt assessment and intervention in suspected cases of foreign body aspiration to ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the early manifestations of hypoxemia in young infants is crucial for timely intervention. The correct answer is D) Irritability. Young infants, especially those with hypoxemia, often exhibit irritability as an early sign of inadequate oxygenation. This is because the brain is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, leading to irritability due to cerebral hypoxia. Option A) Cyanosis is a late sign of hypoxemia and typically occurs after significant oxygen deprivation. It is characterized by a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to decreased oxygen saturation in the blood. Option B) Glasgow coma score of six is not specific to hypoxemia in infants. It is a tool used to assess the level of consciousness and neurological status in patients with brain injuries or altered mental status. Option C) Irregular breathing can be a sign of respiratory distress, but it is not specific to hypoxemia. It can be seen in various respiratory conditions and is not as reliable an early indicator of hypoxemia as irritability. Educationally, it is important for nursing students to understand the nuances of assessing young infants for signs of hypoxemia. Recognizing subtle cues like irritability can prompt early intervention and prevent further oxygen deprivation, which is critical in pediatric care. This knowledge can help nurses provide timely and effective care to infants in respiratory distress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Atelectasis due to foreign body inhalation is a common pediatric emergency. The correct answer, C) Percussion note is usually normal, is the exception because in atelectasis, there is a lack of air in the affected lung leading to dullness on percussion due to consolidation. Option A) Mediastinum is pulled towards the affected side is correct because when atelectasis occurs, the mediastinum shifts towards the affected side due to the loss of lung volume. Option B) Intercostal spaces on the affected side may be narrowed is also correct because the affected lung collapses, leading to a decrease in the intercostal space width. Option D) Breath sounds are reduced is correct as well since atelectasis causes decreased or absent breath sounds over the affected area. In an educational context, understanding the clinical manifestations of atelectasis due to foreign body inhalation is crucial for pediatric nurses to provide prompt and effective care. Recognizing these signs and symptoms can aid in early detection and intervention, preventing potential complications such as respiratory distress. Nurses must be vigilant in assessing pediatric patients for respiratory issues to ensure timely and appropriate management.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Renal tubular acidosis. Normal anion gap metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of non-volatile acid in the body or a loss of bicarbonate. Renal tubular acidosis is a condition where the kidneys are unable to effectively acidify urine, leading to the retention of acid in the body and subsequent metabolic acidosis. A) Diabetic ketoacidosis causes high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of ketones. C) Lactic acidosis results from the accumulation of lactic acid and causes high anion gap metabolic acidosis. D) Salicylate poisoning leads to high anion gap metabolic acidosis due to the presence of salicylic acid. Understanding the causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients. By knowing the specific etiologies, nurses can provide appropriate interventions and monitor these patients effectively. Renal tubular acidosis, in particular, requires close monitoring of electrolyte levels and acid-base balance to prevent complications. Nurses play a critical role in the assessment and management of pediatric patients with metabolic disorders like renal tubular acidosis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the causes of hyperkalemia is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Major trauma. Hyperkalemia with a normal total body potassium can occur in major trauma due to the redistribution of potassium from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. This shift leads to an elevated serum potassium level without an actual increase in total body potassium. Option A) Hyperaldosteronism is incorrect because this condition usually leads to hypokalemia, not hyperkalemia. Option B) Large amounts of potassium in IV fluids could cause hyperkalemia, but it would result in an elevated total body potassium level as well. Option D) Metabolic alkalosis typically does not directly cause hyperkalemia. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing different etiologies of hyperkalemia in pediatric patients. Understanding the pathophysiology behind each cause is essential for accurate assessment and intervention in clinical practice. By grasping these concepts, nurses can provide timely and appropriate care to children experiencing hyperkalemia in various clinical settings.