Regarding cough receptors:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the functioning of cough receptors is crucial for managing respiratory conditions effectively. The correct answer, option A, "There is increased sensitivity in viral infections," is supported by the fact that viral infections can lead to inflammation and irritation of the respiratory mucosa, resulting in heightened sensitivity of cough receptors. This increased sensitivity contributes to the cough reflex, which is the body's way of clearing the airways of irritants. Option B, "~2-agonists decrease the sensitivity of cough receptors," is incorrect because β2-agonists actually work by dilating the bronchioles and improving airflow in conditions like asthma and COPD, rather than directly affecting cough receptors. Option C, "Exercise can stimulate the cough receptors in asthmatics," is incorrect because exercise-induced coughing in asthmatics is more related to bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation rather than direct stimulation of cough receptors. Option D, "They are predominantly seen in the large airways," is incorrect as cough receptors are distributed throughout the respiratory tract, including in the smaller airways and alveoli. Educationally, understanding the role of cough receptors in different conditions helps nurses and healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding treatment strategies and patient education. By grasping the physiological mechanisms underlying cough sensitivity, healthcare professionals can tailor interventions to effectively manage respiratory symptoms in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this question regarding complement C3 levels in pediatric cardiovascular disorders, the correct answer is A) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE, complement C3 levels are decreased due to the activation and consumption of complement cascades as part of the immune response. This is a crucial indication of disease activity in SLE. Option B) Henoch-Schoenlein purpura (HSP) is associated with IgA deposition in small blood vessels, leading to a different pathophysiology than complement system activation seen in SLE. Therefore, complement C3 levels are not typically decreased in HSP. Option C) Haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. While complement activation can occur in HUS, it does not typically lead to decreased complement C3 levels as seen in SLE. Option D) Type II membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis is a renal disorder characterized by glomerular inflammation and proliferation. While complement activation plays a role in its pathogenesis, it does not typically result in decreased complement C3 levels as in SLE. Understanding the specific alterations in complement levels in different pediatric cardiovascular disorders is essential for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing these patterns can aid in early detection, monitoring disease progression, and guiding treatment strategies. This knowledge enhances nursing practice by promoting accurate assessment, timely intervention, and improved patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In normal neonates, extracellular fluid volume exceeds intracellular fluid volume, making option A the correct answer. This is because neonates have higher extracellular fluid due to their immature kidneys and inability to concentrate urine effectively. This physiological difference is essential for maintaining proper electrolyte balance and overall homeostasis in newborns. Option B is incorrect because in a term baby, plasma calcium levels are lower than that of the mother due to the transfer of calcium across the placenta during pregnancy. Neonates rely on calcium stores acquired during gestation until they can regulate their own levels postnatally. Option C is incorrect as clamping the umbilical cord after cessation of pulsations does not increase the baby's blood volume by 20%. Delayed cord clamping may slightly increase blood volume due to placental transfusion, but this increase is not as high as 20%. Option D is incorrect as there are actually two arteries and one vein in the umbilical cord, which carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta and oxygenated blood back to the fetus, respectively. Understanding these physiological differences in neonates is crucial for nurses caring for newborns to provide appropriate interventions and ensure optimal health outcomes. It is important to grasp these concepts to deliver safe and effective care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the potential causes of deafness is crucial for providing quality care to patients. In this case, the correct answer is B) Pneumococcal meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can lead to complications such as hearing loss, including sensorineural hearing loss. This occurs due to the inflammation and damage to the cochlea and auditory nerve caused by the infection. Option A) Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn is associated with a condition called kernicterus, which can lead to neurological damage but typically affects motor function rather than hearing. Option C) Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder that primarily affects the kidneys and hearing. While it can lead to sensorineural hearing loss, it is not a common cause of deafness due to infection. Option D) Cleft palate is a congenital condition affecting the structure of the mouth and palate, but it is not directly related to the development of deafness. Educationally, understanding these different etiologies of deafness in pediatric patients is essential for nurses and healthcare providers to recognize early signs, provide appropriate interventions, and collaborate with multidisciplinary teams for comprehensive care. Recognizing the link between infections like pneumococcal meningitis and hearing loss highlights the importance of preventive measures such as vaccinations and early treatment to mitigate potential complications.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding epiphyseal changes is crucial as they can indicate underlying health conditions. In this case, the correct answer is B) Rickets. Rickets is a condition caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to impaired mineralization of growing bones, including the epiphyseal plates. This results in abnormalities in bone growth and development, which can be observed radiographically as changes in the epiphyses. Option A) Non-accidental injury is incorrect as it does not directly cause epiphyseal changes related to bone growth. Option C) Chronic renal failure can lead to disturbances in mineral metabolism and bone health, but it typically presents with renal osteodystrophy rather than specific epiphyseal changes. Option D) Lead poisoning can affect bone health but does not primarily manifest as epiphyseal changes seen in rickets. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing skeletal manifestations of systemic diseases in pediatric patients. Nurses need to be able to identify these signs early to collaborate with healthcare providers in diagnosing and managing conditions like rickets effectively. Understanding these connections enhances holistic care and promotes positive health outcomes for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.