Regarding adolescent Varicocele: indications for surgery include all except

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Grade III varicocele alone isn't a surgical indication size doesn't mandate unless symptomatic (e.g., atrophy). Left atrophy (volume loss), bilateral atrophy, and abnormal semen (fertility risk) justify repair functional impact. Grade III's lack of standalone need distinguishes it, critical for evidence-based intervention, unlike atrophy or semen-based triggers.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Vasa recta surround the loop of Henle, enabling countercurrent exchange, unlike peritubular capillaries (PCT/DCT), interlobular arteries (cortex), or efferent arterioles (glomerulus). This specifies medullary circulation, key for urine concentration, contrasting with cortical vessels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, not angiotensin II (product), ACE (enzyme), or aldosterone (downstream). This initiates RAAS, key for blood pressure regulation, contrasting with subsequent steps.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: PCT actively reabsorbs ~70% of filtered sodium, not 10%, 1%, or 99% (total includes later). This quantifies sodium handling, key for fluid balance, contrasting with full reabsorption myths.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Erythropoietin from kidneys boosts RBC production, not renin (pressure), aldosterone (sodium), or somatomedin (growth). This defines hematopoietic role, key for anemia, contrasting with RAAS hormones.