Rectal respiration is seen in

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rectal respiration in insects involves the exchange of gases through the anus. The correct answer is C, Niads of Dragonfly, as they have specialized structures called rectal gills for respiration. Cockroach (A), Spider (B), and Water flea (D) do not possess rectal gills or exhibit rectal respiration. Cockroaches have spiracles for respiration, spiders have book lungs or tracheal systems, and water fleas have gills located elsewhere on their bodies. Thus, only Niads of Dragonfly demonstrate rectal respiration, making it the correct choice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale for Correct Answer (A): 1. Assessing the severity of dyspnea is crucial for determining the urgency of intervention. 2. By asking for a rating on a scale from 1 to 10, the nurse can quantify the level of distress the patient is experiencing. 3. This allows for a more objective assessment and helps in determining appropriate interventions. 4. Monitoring changes in the severity of dyspnea over time can also guide treatment effectiveness. Summary of Incorrect Choices: B. Asking about the last time the patient ate or drank is important for assessing possible contributing factors to dyspnea, but it does not directly address the immediate severity of the symptom. C. Inquiring about nausea is relevant for a more comprehensive assessment, but it does not directly address the severity of dyspnea. D. Asking about the potential need for medication is important, but it does not directly address the current level of dyspnea and may not be the immediate priority.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: external intercostals. These muscles are responsible for elevating the ribcage during inhalation, which corresponds to the movement labeled '1'. The rectus abdominis (A) is involved in trunk flexion, internal intercostals (B) aid in forced exhalation, and the diaphragm (D) primarily assists in inhalation by moving downward to increase thoracic cavity volume. Therefore, the external intercostals are the correct choice for the specific movement indicated in the question.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: bicarbonate ions. Carbon dioxide in the blood mainly combines with water to form carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as bicarbonate ions. This process occurs in red blood cells via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Choices A and D are incorrect as carbon dioxide mainly combines with water and does not remain as a solute in plasma or cytoplasm. Choice B, carbaminohemoglobin, is a minor way carbon dioxide is transported, where a small amount binds to hemoglobin, but the majority is transported as bicarbonate ions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Damage to the phrenic nerves would result in the inability to fully expand the diaphragm, leading to reliance on costal breathing. This is because the phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm, the main muscle of respiration. Without proper diaphragmatic function, the individual would have difficulty engaging in effective diaphragmatic breathing. Therefore, choice C is correct. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because damage to the phrenic nerves would not directly impact the respiratory rate, tidal volume, or pressure differences between the lungs and the outside air. These functions are more related to overall respiratory control and lung mechanics, which are not solely dependent on the phrenic nerves.