Recognised features of constrictive pericarditis are:

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the features of constrictive pericarditis is crucial for accurate assessment and intervention. The correct answer is C) Abdominal distension. In constrictive pericarditis, fibrotic scarring of the pericardium restricts the heart's ability to expand fully during diastole, leading to increased pressure in the heart and systemic venous congestion. This venous congestion can manifest as abdominal distension due to fluid accumulation in the abdomen, a key clinical feature of constrictive pericarditis. Option A) Increased fatiguability is a non-specific symptom that can be present in various conditions and lacks the specificity of abdominal distension for constrictive pericarditis. Option B) Precordial pain is more commonly associated with acute pericarditis rather than constrictive pericarditis, which presents more insidiously. Option D) Parasternal heave is typically associated with conditions causing right ventricular hypertrophy, such as pulmonary hypertension, rather than constrictive pericarditis. Educationally, understanding the distinct clinical features of constrictive pericarditis enhances nurses' ability to differentiate it from other cardiovascular conditions, leading to timely diagnosis and appropriate management. This knowledge ensures comprehensive care for pediatric patients with complex cardiovascular disorders, emphasizing the importance of accurate assessment and clinical reasoning in pediatric nursing practice.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding congenital rubella syndrome is crucial. The correct feature of congenital rubella syndrome is intrauterine growth retardation (Option A). This occurs because rubella virus can cross the placenta and affect fetal development, leading to growth issues. Hepatomegaly (Option B) is not a typical feature of congenital rubella syndrome. While liver abnormalities can occur in some cases, it is not a defining characteristic. Thrombocytopenia (Option C) refers to low platelet count and is not a common finding in congenital rubella syndrome. Polydactyly (Option D), the presence of extra fingers or toes, is not associated with rubella infection during pregnancy. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing the specific characteristics of congenital rubella syndrome in pediatric patients. Understanding these features is essential for early detection, appropriate management, and providing holistic care to infants affected by this condition. By differentiating between the features of congenital rubella syndrome and other potential conditions, nurses can contribute to better outcomes for their patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the presence of specific antibodies in certain conditions is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management. In this case, the correct answer is A) Anti-endomysial antibodies in coeliac disease. Explanation of why A is correct: Anti-endomysial antibodies are typically found in coeliac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten consumption in genetically predisposed individuals. These antibodies target the endomysium, a layer of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers, leading to tissue damage in the small intestine. Testing for anti-endomysial antibodies is a key diagnostic tool for coeliac disease. Explanation of why others are wrong: B) Anti-insulin receptor antibodies in diabetes mellitus: While type 1 diabetes involves autoimmunity against pancreatic beta cells, anti-insulin receptor antibodies are not typically seen in diabetes mellitus. C) Anti-epidermal antibodies in vitiligo: Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by depigmentation due to autoimmune destruction of melanocytes. Antibodies targeting the epidermis are not commonly associated with this condition. D) Anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies in spinal muscular atrophy: Spinal muscular atrophy is a neuromuscular disorder affecting motor neurons. Antibodies against acetylcholine receptors are more commonly associated with conditions like myasthenia gravis, not spinal muscular atrophy. Educational context: Understanding the specific antibodies associated with certain conditions is essential for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatric nursing when diagnosing and managing complex disorders. This knowledge aids in targeted testing, treatment planning, and patient education. By grasping the immunological aspects of diseases, nurses can provide more comprehensive care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders and other conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and pharmacology, understanding the modes of transmission of hepatitis C is crucial for providing safe and effective care to children. The correct answer is A) Drug abuse. Hepatitis C is commonly spread through the sharing of contaminated needles and syringes, making drug abuse a significant risk factor for contracting the virus. This mode of transmission is particularly relevant in pediatric patients who may be exposed to these behaviors indirectly or directly in certain settings. Option B) Seafood consumption is incorrect because hepatitis C is not spread through the ingestion of contaminated seafood. It is primarily a bloodborne virus. Option C) Recombinant factor VIII therapy is incorrect as this treatment is associated with hemophilia, not hepatitis C transmission. Option D) Faeco-oral spread is also incorrect as hepatitis C is not typically transmitted through fecal-oral route; it is primarily bloodborne. Educationally, this question reinforces the importance of understanding the specific modes of transmission of infectious diseases like hepatitis C, especially in vulnerable populations like pediatric patients. It highlights the need for healthcare providers to be vigilant in identifying risk factors and educating patients and families on prevention strategies.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding cardiovascular disorders, including shunts, is crucial for providing effective care to young patients. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) Fallot's tetralogy, which is a congenital heart defect characterized by four abnormalities, including a ventricular septal defect and overriding aorta. This condition leads to a right to left shunt, allowing deoxygenated blood to bypass the lungs and mix with oxygenated blood, resulting in cyanosis. Option B) Tricuspid atresia is incorrect because it involves the absence of the tricuspid valve, leading to cyanosis but not a right to left shunt. Option C) Eisenmenger complex is incorrect as it describes a reversal of a left to right shunt due to severe pulmonary hypertension. Option D) Ductus arteriosus in the fetus is incorrect as it normally shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta in utero, but it closes shortly after birth to establish normal circulation. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses to assess, diagnose, and manage pediatric cardiovascular conditions effectively. Recognizing the specific characteristics of different shunts aids in providing appropriate interventions and monitoring for complications in pediatric patients with heart defects.