Recognised features in Marfan's syndrome include:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Marfan's syndrome, mitral valve prolapse is a recognized feature. This is because Marfan's syndrome is a genetic disorder of the connective tissue, primarily caused by a mutation in the fibrillin gene (option A). Mitral valve prolapse is a common cardiac manifestation in Marfan's syndrome due to the involvement of connective tissue in heart valves. Options C and D, cognitive impairment and myopia, are not typically associated with Marfan's syndrome. Cognitive impairment is not a primary feature of the syndrome, which primarily affects the skeletal, cardiovascular, and ocular systems. Myopia, while common in individuals with Marfan's syndrome, is not a specific diagnostic criteria for the condition. In an educational context, understanding the key features of Marfan's syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in pediatrics. Recognizing these features can aid in early diagnosis, appropriate management, and referral to specialists for comprehensive care. It also highlights the importance of genetic counseling and family screening due to the hereditary nature of the syndrome. This knowledge enhances patient outcomes and quality of care provided to individuals with Marfan's syndrome.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology, understanding the factors that influence growth hormone secretion is crucial. The correct answer is A) Sleep. Growth hormone secretion is primarily regulated by the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. During sleep, especially during the deep stages of sleep, the body secretes higher levels of growth hormone. This is because sleep is a period of rest and repair, and growth hormone plays a key role in tissue growth, repair, and overall development. Option B) Stress is incorrect because stress typically leads to an increase in cortisol secretion, not growth hormone. Cortisol is known as the stress hormone and has different physiological effects compared to growth hormone. Option C) IGF-1 (Insulin-like Growth Factor 1) is a hormone that is produced in response to growth hormone stimulation. It acts as a mediator of the effects of growth hormone in promoting growth and development. While IGF-1 is linked to growth hormone, it is not the direct stimulator of growth hormone secretion. Option D) Somatostatin is a hormone that inhibits the release of growth hormone. It acts in opposition to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and suppresses the secretion of growth hormone. Therefore, it is not responsible for raising growth hormone secretion. Understanding the factors that regulate growth hormone secretion is important in the management of various conditions, such as growth disorders in pediatric patients. By knowing the correct stimuli for growth hormone release, healthcare professionals can better address growth-related issues in children. Sleep hygiene and adequate rest are essential for optimal growth and development in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pediatric cardiovascular conditions, understanding the absorption of long-chain triglycerides is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, option B) Mixed micelle formation, is essential for long-chain triglyceride absorption. Mixed micelles are formed in the small intestine by the action of bile salts, which solubilize the triglycerides, aiding in their absorption into the enterocytes. Option A) Intraluminal bile salts is incorrect because while bile salts are necessary for the formation of mixed micelles, they are not directly involved in the absorption process themselves. Option C) Intraluminal trypsin is incorrect because trypsin is involved in the digestion of proteins, not triglycerides. Option D) Intact duodenum is incorrect as long-chain triglyceride absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine, specifically the jejunum and ileum, rather than the duodenum. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the intricate process of fat absorption in the pediatric population with cardiovascular conditions. Nurses need to grasp how different components in the digestive system work together to ensure proper absorption of nutrients, especially in vulnerable patient populations like children with cardiac issues. This knowledge is essential for providing appropriate nutritional support and medication management for pediatric patients with cardiovascular conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In ventricular arrhythmias, synchronized DC shock is the treatment of choice (Option C) because it helps restore the heart's normal rhythm by delivering a synchronized electrical shock during a specific phase of the cardiac cycle. This intervention is crucial in cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias like Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) or Pulseless Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) as it can quickly terminate the arrhythmia and potentially save a patient's life. Option A is incorrect because a prolonged PR interval is more indicative of atrioventricular conduction abnormalities rather than ventricular arrhythmias. Option B is incorrect as ventricular arrhythmias are not commonly associated with thyrotoxicosis, although they can occur in this condition. Option D is also incorrect as IV adenosine is not effective for treating ventricular arrhythmias; it is more commonly used for certain supraventricular tachycardias. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate interventions for different types of arrhythmias is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially nurses working in critical care areas where they may encounter patients with life-threatening arrhythmias. Knowing the correct treatment options and interventions can significantly impact patient outcomes and ensure timely and effective care delivery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cisapride is a medication that acts as a prokinetic agent, commonly used in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. The correct answer, B) Fatal arrhythmias have been reported, is the right choice because cisapride has been associated with serious cardiac side effects, including fatal arrhythmias. This led to the withdrawal of cisapride from many markets due to safety concerns. Option A) It is licensed for use in children, is incorrect because due to its significant cardiac side effects, cisapride is not recommended for use in children. Option C) Concurrent administration with erythromycin is not advised, is incorrect because the interaction between cisapride and erythromycin can result in serious cardiac side effects, and this combination is contraindicated. Option D) It commonly causes constipation, is incorrect because constipation is not a common side effect of cisapride. In an educational context, it is essential for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to be aware of the potential risks associated with medications, such as cisapride, to ensure patient safety. Understanding the pharmacological properties, indications, contraindications, and adverse effects of medications is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular conditions.