Quality management and benchmarking are two approaches used to improve the quality of care. The major difference between these two approaches is which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Benchmarking compares outcomes in a variety of settings and disciplines. Quality management focuses on establishing processes to ensure quality care within a specific setting, while benchmarking involves comparing performance metrics across different settings and disciplines to identify best practices and areas for improvement. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it highlights the key difference between quality management and benchmarking. Incorrect answers: A: Quality management can be useful in any healthcare setting, not limited to outpatient. C: Quality management is applicable across various healthcare settings, not just primary care. D: Benchmarking looks at outcomes in various areas, not just nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Candidates. Candidates are individuals who are running for election and seeking to be elected to a specific position. They are the ones whose names appear on the voting ballot for voters to choose from. Representatives (A) are individuals who have already been elected to represent a group or constituency. Bargaining agents (C) are individuals who negotiate on behalf of others, typically in labor relations. The electorate (D) refers to all the eligible voters in a particular election, not the individuals who are running for election. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it specifically identifies the individuals seeking election on a voting ballot.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Patient-focused. Developing a patient-focused atmosphere is crucial to reduce potential risks in healthcare. Patients should be at the center of care, with their needs, preferences, and safety prioritized. In a patient-focused atmosphere, communication is enhanced, leading to better understanding and adherence to treatment plans, reducing errors and adverse events. Nurses, physicians, and families play important roles in patient care, but ultimately, the patient should be the primary focus. Incorrect choices: A: Nurse-focused - Focusing solely on nurses may neglect the holistic approach to patient care and fail to address the patient's needs directly. B: Physician-focused - Similarly, focusing only on physicians may lead to a lack of patient involvement in decision-making and may not address the emotional and psychological aspects of care. C: Family-focused - While involving families in care is important, solely focusing on them may not always align with the patient's best interests and may not address the patient's autonomy and individual needs.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Is your pain sharp or dull? This question helps differentiate between different types of pain, which can provide valuable information about the underlying cause and guide appropriate interventions. Sharp pain is often associated with nerve or tissue damage, while dull pain may indicate inflammation or muscle strain. Asking about the quality of pain is crucial in pain assessment. A: Is your pain constant or intermittent? - This question focuses on the duration of pain rather than the quality. B: What would you rate your pain on a scale of 0 to 10? - This question assesses pain intensity, not quality. C: Does the pain radiate? - This question assesses pain distribution, not quality.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Use antimicrobial sanitizer for hand hygiene. Hand hygiene is crucial in preventing the spread of tuberculosis. TB is transmitted through respiratory droplets, not contact, so wearing a mask (choice B) is not effective. Limiting visitor time (choice C) may help reduce exposure, but hand hygiene is more critical. Wearing gloves for oral care (choice D) is important for standard precautions, but hand hygiene is the priority for TB prevention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The main focus of a clinical governance framework is patient care quality. This is because clinical governance aims to ensure that healthcare services provided are safe, effective, and of high quality. By focusing on patient care quality, healthcare organizations can improve outcomes and patient satisfaction. Financial performance (A) is important but not the main focus. Regulatory compliance (B) is necessary but not the primary goal. Staff satisfaction (D) is important for a positive work environment, but it is not the main focus of a clinical governance framework.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: The patient will reach a glycosylated hemoglobin level of less than 7%. This goal is most important because it directly addresses the patient's diabetes management by aiming to achieve good glycemic control. Lowering the HbA1c level to less than 7% is a key indicator of reduced risk for diabetes-related complications. Options B, C, and D are not as critical in addressing the specific nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition. Option B focuses on weight loss, which may not necessarily address the underlying issue of imbalanced nutrition. Option C addresses meal distribution but does not directly target improved glycemic control. Option D emphasizes eliminating simple sugars but does not encompass the comprehensive management of diabetes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a common difference in communication styles between men and women in unpleasant situations. Men tend to talk more to assert dominance or control the situation, while women may withdraw to avoid conflict. This difference can impact how conflicts are resolved and relationships are maintained. Choice B is incorrect as using tag questions is not specifically a gender difference in communication during unpleasant situations. Choice C is incorrect as it generalizes that women disagree more without specifying the context of unpleasant situations. Choice D is incorrect as it focuses on the length and speed of communication rather than addressing the specific behavior in unpleasant situations.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Peer review. Peer review involves registered nurses evaluating and judging the performance of their peers against predetermined standards. This process allows for feedback, improvement, and accountability within the nursing profession. A: Group evaluation involves assessing the performance of a group as a whole, not individual peers. C: Forced distribution evaluation is a performance appraisal method where ratings are distributed in a predetermined pattern, not specific to peer assessment. D: Essay evaluation is a method of assessment based on written responses and does not specifically involve peer assessment. In summary, peer review is the appropriate term for nurses assessing and judging their peers' performance against predetermined standards.