Quality management and benchmarking are two approaches used to improve the quality of care. The major difference between these two approaches is which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Benchmarking compares outcomes in a variety of settings and disciplines. Quality management focuses on establishing processes to ensure quality care within a specific setting, while benchmarking involves comparing performance metrics across different settings and disciplines to identify best practices and areas for improvement. Therefore, B is the correct answer as it highlights the key difference between quality management and benchmarking. Incorrect answers: A: Quality management can be useful in any healthcare setting, not limited to outpatient. C: Quality management is applicable across various healthcare settings, not just primary care. D: Benchmarking looks at outcomes in various areas, not just nursing.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because an elderly client awaiting a hip replacement typically requires ongoing support and coordination of services, making them a good candidate for case management. This client would benefit from assistance with navigating the healthcare system, coordinating appointments, and ensuring continuity of care post-surgery. Choice A is incorrect as the adolescent with a gunshot wound in the ER is likely to be in need of immediate medical intervention rather than case management. Choice B is incorrect as a young adult with a fractured pelvis may require medical treatment but may not necessarily need the level of ongoing support that case management provides. Choice D is incorrect as a 41-year-old client admitted for an outpatient tonsillectomy is a relatively straightforward procedure that may not require extensive case management services.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Autocratic leadership. In a high-stress, time-sensitive situation like a multiple-car accident with multiple trauma clients, autocratic leadership is most effective due to its clear chain of command and quick decision-making. The leader can provide swift direction, prioritize tasks, and ensure immediate action to save lives. Democratic leadership (A) may lead to delays in decision-making. Bureaucratic leadership (B) focuses on following procedures, which may not be suitable for urgent situations. Laissez-faire leadership (C) lacks direction and can result in chaos in a crisis.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Moving. In Havelock's model of change, the Moving stage involves implementing the chosen change after considering alternatives. In this scenario, the nursing staff accepted a new procedure, indicating they are moving forward with the change. This stage focuses on putting the change into action. Summary of other choices: B: Self-renewal - This choice is not applicable as self-renewal refers to personal growth and development, not organizational change stages. C: Refreezing - This choice is incorrect as refreezing involves stabilizing the change and ensuring it becomes the new norm, which comes after the Moving stage. D: Unfreezing - This choice is incorrect as unfreezing refers to preparing for change by overcoming resistance and creating readiness, which precedes the Moving stage.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Patient-focused. Developing a patient-focused atmosphere is crucial to reduce potential risks in healthcare. Patients should be at the center of care, with their needs, preferences, and safety prioritized. In a patient-focused atmosphere, communication is enhanced, leading to better understanding and adherence to treatment plans, reducing errors and adverse events. Nurses, physicians, and families play important roles in patient care, but ultimately, the patient should be the primary focus. Incorrect choices: A: Nurse-focused - Focusing solely on nurses may neglect the holistic approach to patient care and fail to address the patient's needs directly. B: Physician-focused - Similarly, focusing only on physicians may lead to a lack of patient involvement in decision-making and may not address the emotional and psychological aspects of care. C: Family-focused - While involving families in care is important, solely focusing on them may not always align with the patient's best interests and may not address the patient's autonomy and individual needs.