Psychosis in children is suggested by:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric pharmacology, understanding the signs and symptoms of psychosis in children is crucial for early identification and intervention. The correct answer, option D) Feelings of depersonalization, is indicative of psychosis in children. Depersonalization refers to feeling detached from oneself, which is a common symptom in psychotic disorders. Option A) Absence of speech is more indicative of selective mutism or other communication disorders rather than psychosis. Option B) Intense outbursts of temper are commonly seen in disruptive behavior disorders such as ADHD or oppositional defiant disorder. Option C) Recurrence of bed-wetting following a period of control is more suggestive of emotional stress or developmental issues rather than psychosis. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing subtle signs of psychosis in children, which can often be overlooked or misinterpreted. By understanding these distinctions, healthcare providers can better assess and support children with mental health concerns. Early identification and intervention are key in improving outcomes for children experiencing psychosis.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the cranial nerves and their functions is crucial as they play a significant role in regulating autonomic functions. The correct answer is option D) Vagus nerve. The vagus nerve, also known as cranial nerve X, carries pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves that innervate various organs in the thorax and abdomen, including the heart. It is responsible for regulating heart rate, gastrointestinal motility, and respiratory function in children. Option A) Oculomotor nerve controls the movements of the eye and is not primarily involved in carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option B) Trigeminal nerve is responsible for sensory innervation of the face and motor functions for chewing. It is not associated with carrying parasympathetic nerves. Option C) Facial nerve controls facial expressions and taste sensation, but it does not carry pre-ganglionic parasympathetic nerves. Educationally, knowing the specific functions of each cranial nerve is vital for pediatric nurses when assessing and managing cardiovascular conditions in children. Understanding the role of the vagus nerve in regulating autonomic functions helps nurses provide comprehensive care and anticipate potential complications related to the cardiovascular system in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric cardiovascular nursing, understanding the typical features of Down's syndrome is crucial for providing holistic care to patients. The correct answer, option B) Hypotonia, is a key characteristic of Down's syndrome. Hypotonia, or reduced muscle tone, is commonly observed in individuals with Down's syndrome and can impact their motor development and overall physical abilities. Option A) Brachycephaly refers to a shortened head shape, which is not a typical feature of Down's syndrome. Male infertility, option C), is not a common characteristic associated with Down's syndrome. Option D) Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid is more indicative of neural tube defects rather than Down's syndrome. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is essential for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients with Down's syndrome. Recognizing the unique features of this condition can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and tailored care planning to optimize outcomes for these individuals.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the correct answer is D) Hyperinflation is an associated finding. BPD is a chronic lung disease that primarily affects premature infants who have been treated with oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Hyperinflation occurs as a result of air trapping in the lungs due to inflammation, scarring, and damage to the tiny air sacs. This leads to increased residual volume and decreased expiratory flow rates. Option A) Lung compliance is increased is incorrect because in BPD, lung compliance is actually decreased due to the fibrotic changes in the lungs. Option B) Bronchial reactivity is increased is incorrect because BPD primarily affects the alveoli and air sacs, leading to respiratory distress and not bronchial reactivity. Option C) Lung function typically improves with age is incorrect as BPD can lead to long-term respiratory complications and lung function deficits that may persist into adulthood. Educationally, understanding the pathophysiology of BPD is crucial for pediatric cardiovascular nurses to provide appropriate care and interventions for infants with this condition. Recognizing the associated findings like hyperinflation can guide treatment strategies and improve outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, the correct answer is B) Wide QRS complexes occur more frequently than narrow QRS. This is because WPW is characterized by an accessory pathway between the atria and ventricles, leading to early ventricular activation and a delta wave on the ECG, resulting in a widened QRS complex. This finding is a hallmark of WPW syndrome and distinguishes it from other arrhythmias. Option A) The abnormal pathway in WPW is not between the atrial and ventricular myocardium, but rather an accessory pathway bypassing the normal conduction system. Option C) Narrow QRS complexes are not regular in WPW due to the presence of the accessory pathway causing abnormal conduction patterns. Option D) Verapamil is contraindicated in WPW as it can worsen conduction through the accessory pathway, potentially leading to life-threatening arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation. Understanding the ECG findings in WPW is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing the characteristic wide QRS complexes helps in prompt identification and appropriate management to prevent complications associated with WPW syndrome, such as supraventricular tachycardia. Nurses play a vital role in monitoring these patients, administering correct treatments, and educating families on the signs and symptoms of arrhythmias in WPW syndrome.