Proteins found in muscle fibres include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding the proteins found in muscle fibers is crucial for accurate assessment and treatment of conditions affecting the cardiovascular system. The correct answer is D) Desmin. Desmin is a type III intermediate filament protein found in muscle cells, particularly in cardiac muscle, where it provides structural support and helps maintain cell shape. Its presence is essential for normal muscle function, making it a key protein in cardiac muscle fibers. Option A) Vimentin is also an intermediate filament protein, but it is typically found in connective tissue cells rather than muscle fibers. Option B) Saccharin is an artificial sweetener and not a protein found in muscle fibers. Option C) Keratin is a structural protein found in epithelial cells like skin and hair, not in muscle fibers. Educationally, knowing the specific proteins found in muscle fibers helps nurses and healthcare providers accurately identify and diagnose muscle-related conditions, including those affecting the cardiovascular system in pediatric patients. Understanding the function and distribution of these proteins aids in developing targeted treatment plans and providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Acetazolamide is a medication commonly used in the treatment of various conditions, including glaucoma, altitude sickness, and certain types of seizures. The correct answer is D) Inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase. The rationale behind this is that acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. By inhibiting this enzyme, acetazolamide reduces the production of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys, leading to a decrease in the reabsorption of sodium and water. This mechanism of action results in diuresis and a subsequent decrease in intraocular pressure, making it useful in the management of glaucoma. Option A) Is used in the management of renal tubular acidosis is incorrect because while acetazolamide can be used in some cases of renal tubular acidosis, its primary indication is not for this condition. Option B) Causes hypokalaemia is incorrect because acetazolamide is actually associated with metabolic acidosis rather than hypokalemia. Option C) Is usually given intravenously is incorrect because acetazolamide is commonly administered orally, although intravenous administration may be used in certain situations such as acute glaucoma crisis. In an educational context, understanding the pharmacological actions of acetazolamide is crucial for nursing students specializing in pediatric cardiovascular disorders. This knowledge enables them to make informed clinical decisions when managing patients who require this medication, ensuring safe and effective care delivery.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric cardiovascular disorders nursing, understanding water excretion is crucial for managing fluid balance and ensuring optimal cardiac function. In this question, option B is correct because water excretion is indeed influenced by vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Vasopressin acts on the kidneys to regulate water reabsorption, thus affecting urine concentration and volume. Option A is incorrect because the proximal tubule primarily reabsorbs water, rather than influencing water excretion. Option C is incorrect as erythropoietin is a hormone involved in red blood cell production and does not directly impact water excretion. Option D is also incorrect as the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is primarily involved in electrolyte reabsorption, not water excretion. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the physiological mechanisms that regulate fluid balance in pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. Nurses need to grasp how hormones like vasopressin impact water excretion to provide effective care for children with cardiac conditions. By grasping these concepts, nurses can tailor interventions to maintain fluid balance and support cardiac function in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In Marfan's syndrome, a genetic connective tissue disorder, cardiovascular manifestations are common. Mitral valve prolapse/regurgitation is a key cardiac manifestation seen in individuals with Marfan's syndrome. This occurs due to the weakening of connective tissue in the mitral valve apparatus, leading to valve dysfunction. Option B, calcification of the mitral valve <40 years, is not a typical cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome. Mitral valve calcification is more commonly associated with age-related degenerative changes rather than a genetic disorder like Marfan's syndrome. Option C, dilation of the pulmonary artery, is not a characteristic cardiac manifestation of Marfan's syndrome. Pulmonary artery dilation is more commonly associated with conditions like pulmonary hypertension or certain congenital heart defects. Option D, dilation or dissection of the ascending/descending aorta (<50 years old), while related to aortopathy commonly seen in Marfan's syndrome, is not a cardiac manifestation other than aortopathy. It is more specific to aortic involvement in Marfan's syndrome rather than other cardiac structures like the mitral valve. Understanding the cardiac manifestations of Marfan's syndrome is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with this condition. Recognizing these manifestations helps in early detection, appropriate management, and improving patient outcomes. Mitral valve involvement is significant in Marfan's syndrome due to the risk of complications such as regurgitation and endocarditis, making it a key focus in the care of these patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this case, the correct answer is A) Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. This diagnosis is appropriate for a two-week old infant presenting with tachypnea and poor femoral pulses because tachycardia can lead to heart muscle dysfunction, resulting in cardiomyopathy. In infants, tachycardia can be caused by various factors including sepsis, congenital heart defects, or arrhythmias. Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy can lead to symptoms like tachypnea and poor femoral pulses. Now, let's discuss why the other options are incorrect: B) Critical aortic stenosis: While aortic stenosis can present with poor femoral pulses, it is less likely to cause tachypnea in a two-week old infant. C) Dilated cardiomyopathy: Dilated cardiomyopathy is less common in infants and is often associated with viral infections or genetic conditions. It is less likely to be the cause of tachypnea in this case. D) Myocarditis: Myocarditis is inflammation of the heart muscle typically caused by infections. While it can present with poor femoral pulses, it is less likely to cause tachypnea in a two-week old infant compared to tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy. Educational context: Understanding differential diagnoses in pediatric cardiovascular disorders is crucial for nurses caring for infants with cardiac conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of various cardiac disorders helps in timely diagnosis and appropriate management, ensuring optimal outcomes for pediatric patients.