Prolonged testosterone therapy can cause:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hypertrophy of interstitial cells of testes. Testosterone therapy can lead to an increase in testosterone levels, causing hypertrophy of interstitial cells, which produce testosterone. Choice A is incorrect as seminiferous tubules are not affected by testosterone therapy. Choice C is also incorrect as atrophy of interstitial cells is not a known effect of testosterone therapy. Choice D is incorrect as only choice B accurately reflects the impact of prolonged testosterone therapy on testicular cells.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Hot flashes. Danazol is a synthetic androgen that suppresses ovarian function, leading to amenorrhea and decreased estrogen levels. This mechanism of action makes it unlikely to cause hot flashes, which are commonly associated with estrogen fluctuations. Acne (Choice A), menorrhagia (Choice B), and amenorrhea (Choice C) are potential side effects of Danazol due to its hormonal effects on the body.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Danazol. Danazol is a synthetic androgen that suppresses gonadotropin secretion, leading to elevated testosterone levels. Finasteride inhibits 5-alpha-reductase, reducing dihydrotestosterone levels. Flutamide is an androgen receptor antagonist, lowering testosterone levels. Ketoconazole inhibits steroid synthesis, decreasing testosterone production. Therefore, only Danazol directly increases circulating testosterone levels in men.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women decreases the risk of osteoporosis by preserving bone density. Estrogen deficiency after menopause is a major risk factor for osteoporosis. The increased risk of gall stones, endometrial carcinoma, and breast cancer are associated with estrogen therapy due to its effects on bile composition, endometrial cell proliferation, and breast tissue growth, respectively. Therefore, the correct answer is B as estrogen therapy actually helps prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Estrogen therapy can worsen conditions that are sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. Cholelithiasis (gallstones) is not influenced by estrogen levels, so it is not worsened by estrogen therapy. Migraine, acne vulgaris, and endometriosis are conditions known to be affected by estrogen levels and can potentially worsen with estrogen therapy. Therefore, the correct answer is B. Migraine can worsen due to estrogen's impact on blood vessels, acne vulgaris can worsen due to increased sebum production, and endometriosis can worsen due to estrogen's role in promoting tissue growth.