Professional codes of ethics tend to be constructed on which type of ethical theory?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Duty theory: concerned with truth, fairness, and keeping promises, vs. consequences. Professional codes of ethics in nursing are often constructed based on duty theory, which focuses on the moral obligation of individuals to act in a certain way regardless of the consequences. In nursing, adhering to ethical principles like truthfulness, fairness, and honoring commitments is paramount for maintaining the trust and integrity of the profession. Option A) Utilitarianism is based on the idea of maximizing positive outcomes and minimizing negative consequences for the majority. While this approach has its merits, it may not always align with the specific moral duties and obligations inherent in the nursing profession. Option B) Virtue theory emphasizes the character and intentions of the individual rather than strict adherence to moral duties. While virtues are important in nursing practice, professional codes of ethics typically focus more on duties and obligations. Option C) Ethical decision-making models provide a structured approach to resolving ethical dilemmas but do not necessarily form the basis of professional codes of ethics. These models are tools to assist individuals in making ethical decisions rather than being the foundation of ethical codes. In an educational context, understanding the ethical theories that underpin professional codes of ethics is crucial for nurses to navigate complex ethical situations in practice. By grounding their ethical decision-making in duty theory, nurses can uphold the core values of honesty, fairness, and integrity that are essential in providing safe and effective care to patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) FALSE. The statement inaccurately describes the difference between the ecosystems perspective and the social constructionist perspective in family health nursing care. The ecosystems perspective in nursing care looks at the interconnectedness of individuals and their environments, emphasizing a holistic approach to health and well-being. This perspective considers past, present, and future influences on health outcomes, recognizing the dynamic nature of relationships within a family system. On the other hand, the social constructionist perspective focuses on how individuals and families create meaning and understanding through their interactions with others and society. It emphasizes the role of language, culture, and social norms in shaping health beliefs and behaviors, with a focus on the present and the past rather than solely on the future. In an educational context, understanding these different perspectives is crucial for family health nurses to provide comprehensive and culturally sensitive care to individuals and families. By recognizing the nuances of each perspective, nurses can tailor interventions that address the complex interplay between personal experiences, social contexts, and environmental factors that influence health outcomes.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Structural family therapy. This model focuses on how internal family relationships, roles, and boundaries impact family functioning. Structural family therapy aims to identify and restructure dysfunctional patterns within the family system to improve overall well-being. By understanding the organization of the family unit, this approach helps address issues that arise from these internal dynamics. Option A) Systems theory also considers internal family relationships, but it has a broader focus on the interactions between the family and its external environment. While systems theory is relevant to family health nursing care, it does not specifically emphasize internal family relationships like structural family therapy does. Option B) Narrative therapy focuses on helping individuals shape their personal narratives to promote healing and growth. While it can be beneficial in family therapy, it does not specifically address internal family relationships as the primary focus. Option D) Social work case management involves coordinating services and resources to meet the needs of clients. While it plays a crucial role in supporting families, it does not directly address internal family relationships and their impact on family functioning. In an educational context, understanding different models of family therapy is essential for family health nursing care providers. By recognizing the specific focus and techniques of each model, nurses can tailor their interventions to best support families in addressing their unique challenges and promoting holistic well-being. Familiarity with structural family therapy can enhance a nurse's ability to assess and intervene in complex family dynamics effectively.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In family health nursing care, understanding the environmental factors affecting families is crucial for providing effective care. Option A, which includes poverty, housing, and community violence, is the correct answer because these factors significantly impact families' health and well-being. Poverty can limit access to healthcare and nutritious food, leading to health disparities. Inadequate housing conditions can contribute to physical health issues, while community violence can cause emotional trauma and mental health problems within families. Option B, personal beliefs, and moral values, while important in shaping family dynamics, do not directly fall under environmental factors that impact health. Option C, individual talents, and personal goals, are more related to personal development rather than external environmental influences on families' health. Option D, therapist biases, and session frequency, are specific to therapeutic interactions and do not address broader environmental factors affecting families' health. Educationally, it is essential for nurses to grasp the social determinants of health, including environmental factors, to provide holistic and patient-centered care. By understanding how poverty, housing, and community violence can affect families, nurses can tailor interventions and support systems to address these challenges effectively. This knowledge equips nurses to advocate for resources and policies that promote family well-being beyond individual health concerns.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Medicare because he has been deemed permanently disabled for 2 years. As a permanently disabled individual under the age of 65, he qualifies for Medicare, which provides health insurance coverage for people with disabilities after a 24-month waiting period. This coverage is separate from any VA benefits he may be receiving. Option A) is incorrect because VA health care services are specific to veterans and do not extend to all individuals with disabilities. Option C) is incorrect because Medicaid is a state-run program that provides health insurance for low-income individuals and families, and eligibility is not solely based on disability status. Choosing options B and C (Option D) is incorrect because Medicaid eligibility is not automatic for individuals receiving VA disability benefits. In an educational context, understanding the various government health insurance programs available to individuals with disabilities is crucial for healthcare providers to ensure their patients have access to the appropriate services and coverage they need for their care.