Primary hypothyroidism may be suspected in what scenario?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: If TSH high. In primary hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland fails to produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to elevated TSH levels as the body tries to stimulate the thyroid to produce more hormones. A high TSH is indicative of the pituitary gland's response to low thyroid hormone levels. Choices A, C, and D do not align with the typical hormonal profile seen in primary hypothyroidism. A high TSH is the key marker for suspecting primary hypothyroidism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question regarding Modafinil, the correct answer is C) All the answers are correct. This is because Modafinil is a medication that does not typically lead to physical withdrawal or physical dependence when used appropriately. It is considered to have a lower potential for abuse compared to other stimulant medications. Additionally, option D is also true as Modafinil does have off-label uses such as in the treatment of conditions like jet lag and ADHD. Option A is incorrect because physical withdrawal symptoms can indeed occur with certain medications, but it is not a common concern with Modafinil. Option B is also incorrect because while some medications can lead to physical dependence, Modafinil is generally not associated with this risk when used as prescribed. From an educational perspective, understanding the properties and uses of medications like Modafinil is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those in pharmacology. Being aware of the potential benefits and risks associated with a medication helps in making informed decisions regarding its use in patient care. It is important for students to grasp the nuances of different medications to ensure safe and effective pharmacological practices in diverse patient populations across the lifespan.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C, Topically. Percutaneous route involves applying the medication on the skin surface for absorption. Intramuscular (A) and subcutaneous (B) routes involve injections into muscle or tissue. Rectal route (D) involves inserting medication into the rectum. Topical route is the only option that aligns with percutaneous administration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct term for the patient's unusual reaction is "C: Idiosyncratic reaction." This is because an idiosyncratic reaction is an unexpected and individual response to a medication that is not related to the known pharmacological actions of the drug. In this case, the patient's agitated behavior and paranoia are not typical side effects of steroids but rather a unique reaction specific to this individual. A: Desired action is incorrect because the patient's symptoms are not the intended therapeutic effect of the steroid. B: Adverse effect is incorrect because adverse effects are known and expected side effects of a medication, not unusual or unexpected reactions like in this scenario. D: Allergic reaction is incorrect because the patient's symptoms are not consistent with an allergic response, which typically involves rash, itching, or difficulty breathing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D, Caspofungin. This drug is an echinocandin antifungal agent used for serious fungal infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. It is effective against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens. Terbinafine (A) is used for dermatophyte infections, Griseofulvin (B) is used for superficial fungal infections, and Nystatin (C) is primarily used topically for candidiasis. Caspofungin (D) is the best choice for serious systemic fungal infections due to its broad spectrum and efficacy.