Priapism of high-flow type MOST commonly follows

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding priapism, a prolonged and painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation, is crucial. High-flow priapism is typically caused by a disruption in the normal venous drainage of the penis, leading to increased arterial flow without adequate venous outflow. Option B, perineal trauma, is the most common cause of high-flow priapism in children. Trauma to the perineum can result in arteriovenous fistulas, causing increased blood flow to the penis, leading to priapism. This makes option B the correct answer. Sickle cell disease (option A) is commonly associated with low-flow priapism due to vaso-occlusion of the penile vasculature. Sildenafil (option C) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction and is not a common cause of high-flow priapism. Leukemia (option D) is not a typical cause of high-flow priapism in pediatric patients. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of recognizing different types of priapism and their respective etiologies in pediatric patients. Understanding the underlying causes can guide appropriate nursing interventions and treatment strategies for this potentially serious condition.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cystinuria is a genetic disorder characterized by the abnormal transport of the amino acid cystine in the kidneys and bladder, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the urinary tract. The correct answer, "D) alkaline urine," is the characteristic feature of cystinuria. In this condition, due to the high pH of the urine, cystine becomes less soluble and precipitates out, forming stones. Option A, "X-linked recessive inheritance," is incorrect because cystinuria is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern, meaning both parents must pass on a mutated gene for a child to be affected. Option B, "decreased cystine urinary excretion," is also incorrect as cystinuria is characterized by increased cystine excretion. Option C, "renal tubular acidosis," is not associated with cystinuria as it is a separate kidney disorder involving a problem with the kidney tubules and acid-base balance. In an educational context, understanding the pathophysiology of cystinuria is crucial for pediatric genitourinary nurses to provide appropriate care and interventions for pediatric patients with this condition. Nurses need to be aware of the characteristic features of cystinuria to assist in diagnosis, management, and prevention of complications such as kidney stones in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) all of the above. The Potter phenotype, also known as Potter sequence or syndrome, refers to a constellation of physical characteristics seen in newborns due to oligohydramnios (reduced volume of amniotic fluid). This condition can be caused by various underlying genitourinary abnormalities, such as renal agenesis (absence of one or both kidneys), renal dysplasia (abnormal development of the kidneys), and obstructive uropathy (blockage in the urinary tract). Renal agenesis can lead to a lack of urine production, resulting in oligohydramnios. Renal dysplasia can also impair kidney function and urine production, contributing to oligohydramnios. Obstructive uropathy can cause a blockage in the urinary system, leading to a backup of urine and subsequent oligohydramnios. It is important for nurses specializing in pediatric genitourinary care to understand the various causes of the Potter phenotype as it can have significant implications for the newborn's renal function and overall health. Recognizing these underlying conditions early on can help in providing appropriate nursing interventions and support for both the infant and their family.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding conditions like multicystic dysplastic kidneys is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, C) autosomal dominant inheritance, is right because multicystic dysplastic kidneys are not inherited in an autosomal dominant manner; instead, they are typically sporadic, arising from abnormal fetal kidney development. This condition is usually unilateral (A) and has an incidence of 1:2,000 (B), making options A and B accurate. Educationally, knowing the genetic implications of multicystic dysplastic kidneys helps nurses provide accurate information to families and tailor care plans effectively. Understanding the incorrect options reinforces the importance of recognizing common characteristics and inheritance patterns of pediatric renal conditions, facilitating prompt diagnosis and intervention. This knowledge is essential for pediatric nurses to deliver optimal care and support to patients and their families facing genitourinary challenges.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric genitourinary nursing, understanding risk factors for urinary tract infections (UTIs) is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, D) Henoch-Schonlein purpura, is not a known risk factor for UTIs. Henoch-Schonlein purpura is a systemic vasculitis that primarily affects the skin, joints, intestines, and kidneys, but it is not directly associated with an increased risk of UTIs. A) Pinworms can lead to periurethral irritation and increase the risk of UTIs due to poor hygiene practices associated with itching in the perianal area. B) Constipation can contribute to UTIs by causing urinary stasis and incomplete bladder emptying, creating an environment conducive to bacterial growth. C) Pregnancy, though not applicable in a pediatric context, is a well-known risk factor for UTIs in adult women due to hormonal changes and physical pressure on the bladder. Educationally, understanding these risk factors helps nurses in pediatric genitourinary care to assess, prevent, and manage UTIs effectively. By differentiating between conditions that do and do not increase UTI risk, nurses can tailor interventions to promote urinary tract health in pediatric patients.