Prevalence of psychiatric disorder:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among children is crucial for providing holistic care. Option A, stating that the prevalence of psychiatric disorders is higher in urban than in rural areas, is correct. This is supported by research showing that factors like socioeconomic status, access to mental health services, and environmental stressors in urban settings contribute to higher rates of psychiatric disorders in children. Option B, stating that psychiatric disorders are increased in children with moderate learning difficulties, is incorrect. While there may be a correlation between learning difficulties and psychiatric disorders, it is not a definitive relationship, and children with learning difficulties may or may not have psychiatric disorders. Option C, suggesting that psychiatric disorders are increased in severe physical disability, is also incorrect. While children with severe physical disabilities may face unique challenges that can impact their mental health, the presence of a physical disability alone does not necessarily lead to a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Option D, claiming that psychiatric disorders are higher in children in social service care, is also incorrect. While children in social service care may face adversity and trauma that can contribute to mental health issues, the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in this population is not universally higher than in other groups of children. Educationally, understanding the social determinants of health and how they influence the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in pediatric populations is essential for nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders. This knowledge can help nurses provide more comprehensive and individualized care that addresses not only physical health but also mental and emotional well-being.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: the affected protein in cystic fibrosis (CF) is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is a chloride channel, not a sodium channel. The other options are incorrect: (a) The commonest mutation in Caucasians is ΔF508, not ~F-580. (b) Parents of an affected child are typically carriers and do not show symptoms. (c) Prenatal diagnosis is not possible in all cases due to the vast number of mutations. (d) There are over 2000 known mutations causing CF.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the rationale behind specific investigations for children on Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) is crucial for providing safe and effective care. In this scenario, the correct answer is C) Serum iron. Explanation: 1. Serum iron: In a child receiving TPN for an extended period, serum iron levels are typically monitored regularly as part of routine care. An additional test for serum iron may not be necessary unless there are specific clinical indications suggesting iron deficiency or overload. 2. Serum selenium (Option A): Selenium is an essential trace element that plays a role in antioxidant defense mechanisms. In children on TPN, monitoring selenium levels can help prevent deficiency-related complications. 3. Serum manganese (Option B): Manganese is another essential trace element necessary for normal growth and development. Monitoring manganese levels in children on long-term TPN can help identify deficiencies or toxicities. 4. Serum calcium (Option D): Calcium is crucial for bone health and muscle function. Children on TPN are at risk of calcium imbalances, so monitoring serum calcium levels is essential to prevent hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia. Educational Context: Understanding the rationale for specific investigations in pediatric patients on TPN is vital for nurses and healthcare providers. By knowing which laboratory tests are essential and which may not be necessary based on the clinical scenario, healthcare professionals can optimize care, reduce unnecessary testing, and ensure the best outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the management of thalassaemia, the correct option is C) Bone marrow transplant. Thalassaemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production. A bone marrow transplant offers a potential cure by replacing the faulty bone marrow with healthy stem cells that can produce normal hemoglobin. A) Whole blood transfusions are used to provide symptomatic relief by replenishing red blood cells, but they do not cure thalassaemia. B) Pneumovax is a vaccine used to prevent pneumococcal infections, which are not directly related to the management of thalassaemia. D) Penicillin V prophylaxis may be prescribed to prevent infections in individuals with thalassaemia, but it is not a curative treatment. Educationally, understanding the management of thalassaemia is crucial for pediatric nurses caring for children with this condition. Knowing the appropriate interventions, such as bone marrow transplant, can help nurses provide comprehensive and effective care to improve outcomes for their patients. It is essential for nurses to be knowledgeable about the different treatment options available to provide safe and evidence-based care for children with thalassaemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, the correct answer, option B, states that antenatal steroids are usually given as two oral doses of dexamethasone, is false. The rationale behind this is that antenatal steroids are typically administered as intramuscular injections, specifically betamethasone or dexamethasone, to enhance fetal lung maturation and reduce the risk of respiratory distress syndrome. Option A, stating that Curosurf is a natural surfactant, is a true statement. Curosurf is a natural surfactant derived from porcine lung extract and is used to treat respiratory distress syndrome in neonates by reducing surface tension in the alveoli. Option C, suggesting that increasing the rate on the ventilator raises the mean airway pressure, is a true statement. When the ventilator rate is increased, the amount of air delivered per unit time increases, subsequently raising the mean airway pressure. Option D, indicating that CPAP is a common weaning tool in ventilated preterms, is a true statement. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is often used as a means of weaning preterm infants off mechanical ventilation by providing continuous pressure to keep the airways open and improve oxygenation. Educationally, understanding the correct administration of antenatal steroids, the role of surfactants like Curosurf, the impact of ventilator settings on mean airway pressure, and the use of CPAP in weaning preterm infants off ventilation are crucial aspects of pediatric nursing care in cardiovascular disorders. It is essential for nurses to have a solid foundation in pharmacology to ensure safe and effective care for pediatric patients with complex health needs.