Precipitation reaction can be converted into agglutination reaction by coating soluble antigen onto

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: All of these. Coating soluble antigen onto Bentonite particles, RBCs, or Latex particles can convert a precipitation reaction into an agglutination reaction. This is because soluble antigens bind to their specific antibodies, causing the particles to clump together, visible as agglutination. Bentonite particles, RBCs, and Latex particles all provide surfaces for the antigen-antibody interaction to occur, leading to agglutination. Therefore, all of these options are correct for converting precipitation reactions to agglutination reactions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because all the factors listed can contribute to the transmission of nosocomial infections. Medical dressings can harbor pathogens, breast milk can be a source of infection if not handled properly, and toys can serve as fomites for spreading germs. Choosing any other option would be incorrect as they all play a role in facilitating the transmission of nosocomial infections. It is important to consider all potential sources of infection in healthcare settings to effectively prevent the spread of nosocomial infections.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Mantoux test. The Mantoux test is used to screen for tuberculosis by injecting PPD intradermally. The presence of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction indicates prior exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Schick test (B) is used to test for immunity to diphtheria, while the Dick test (C) is used to test for immunity to scarlet fever. Therefore, the correct use of PPD is in the Mantoux test for tuberculosis screening.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Anti-measles IgM. During acute measles infection, the body produces IgM antibodies specific to the measles virus. This indicates a recent or current infection. A: Anti-mumps IgM and B: Anti-rubella IgM are specific to mumps and rubella viruses, respectively, not measles. D: Anti-CMV IgM is specific to cytomegalovirus, not measles. In summary, choice C is correct because Anti-measles IgM is the specific antibody indicating acute measles infection, while the other choices are antibodies related to different viruses.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Production of auto-antibodies can be due to various factors. Mutant B cell clones can lead to the production of self-reactive antibodies. Antibodies against hidden tissues can also trigger autoimmune responses. Genetic factors play a crucial role in predisposing individuals to autoimmunity. Therefore, the correct answer is D, as all these factors can contribute to the production of auto-antibodies. Choice A is incorrect as it only addresses one possible cause. Choice B is incorrect as it focuses solely on antibodies against hidden tissues. Choice C is incorrect as it overlooks the other potential reasons for auto-antibody production.