Pre transplant surgical nephrectomy is indicated in the following situations except:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Severe proteinuria doesn't mandate pre-transplant nephrectomy managed medically, not surgical indication. Persistent UTI risks graft remove source. Polycystic kidneys (large/symptomatic) justify nephrectomy space/infection. Malignant transformation demands removal cancer risk. Proteinuria's non-surgical status distinguishes it, key to transplant prep, unlike infection, size, or malignancy needs.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) best manage <10 mm pediatric ureteral stones relax ureter, aiding passage, non-invasive. ESWL (shock waves) is effective more invasive. Laser lithotripsy requires ureteroscopy surgical. Ureterolithotomy is open surgery last resort. Medical expulsion distinguishes it, key to conservative pediatric care, unlike procedural options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Combining alpha blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (e.g., finasteride) is optimal for moderate/severe LUTS with enlarged prostate alpha blockers relax, 5-ARIs shrink, addressing obstruction and growth. Alpha blockers alone relieve symptoms insufficient for size. Antimuscarinics target urgency not obstruction. PDE-5 inhibitors aid ED/LUTS less BPH-specific. Dual therapy's synergy distinguishes it, critical for comprehensive BPH management, unlike single or alternative combos.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Creatinine, from muscle creatine breakdown, is excreted by kidneys, unlike urea (protein), uric acid (purines), or creatine (precursor). This identifies muscle-specific waste, key for renal clearance, contrasting with other metabolites.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Reabsorption moves solutes from tubules to peritubular capillaries, not loop (site), corpuscle (filtration), or pyramid (structure). This defines reabsorption pathway, key for reclaiming substances, contrasting with filtration sites.