"Poverty results from the individual's failure to seize the opportunity or to work sufficiently hard within the current social structure; it is not a reflection of inadequacies and inequalities within that social order" (Raphael, 2009, pp. 21). Which of the following approaches/perspectives most accurately describes this statement?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Individual Approach/Individualism. This statement emphasizes the role of the individual in determining their own economic status. The individual approach focuses on personal responsibility, work ethic, and decision-making as key factors in determining one's economic outcomes. It suggests that poverty is a result of personal choices and efforts rather than systemic issues. Explanation: 1. The statement highlights the importance of individual actions and choices in determining economic outcomes. 2. It contrasts with social reform approaches like socialism, which focus on systemic inequalities and advocate for collective solutions. 3. It does not align with the life-course perspective, which looks at the interplay of individual experiences and social structures over time. 4. It also does not reflect the materialistic perspective of capitalism, which emphasizes the role of economic factors and resource distribution in shaping society. In summary, the correct answer is the Individual Approach/Individualism because it emphasizes personal accountability and effort as the primary factors influencing poverty, rather than systemic inadequacies or inequalities

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because it highlights a specific health disparity among BIPOC clients who are pregnant experiencing high rates of infant mortality compared to other groups. This exemplifies an unequal burden of health issues based on race and pregnancy status. Choice B is incorrect because it does not specifically address disparities based on race or ethnicity. Choice C is incorrect as it refers to a general age-related difference in health outcomes rather than a disparity based on race or ethnicity. Choice D is incorrect as it does not relate to any health disparity based on race, gender, or ethnicity.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Physical environment. In this situation, the nurse should consider the physical environment as it directly relates to the proximity of families to the industrial plant, which may expose them to environmental toxins leading to higher rates of cancer. Epigenetics (choice A) refers to changes in gene expression, sociocultural environment (choice B) focuses on social factors, and biological processes (choice C) relate to internal biological mechanisms. However, the key determinant to focus on in this scenario is the physical environment due to its direct impact on the health outcomes of the families living closer to the industrial plant.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Biological differences. The nurse should consider biological differences because females may have unique health needs and vulnerabilities compared to males, impacting their health outcomes post-hospitalization. This includes differences in hormones, anatomy, and physiology. Gender roles (B) and gender biases (C) are societal constructs that may influence healthcare experiences but do not directly explain the observed differences in health outcomes. It is important to focus on biological factors to provide tailored care for female clients.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Gender norms related to masculinity. Men may feel that performing testicular self-exams is not masculine or may associate it with weakness. By addressing and challenging these gender norms, the nurse can help increase adherence to the recommendation. Low health literacy levels (A), poor social support (B), and gender bias related to health care access (C) may also impact adherence, but they are not as directly related to men's attitudes towards self-exams as gender norms related to masculinity.