Potassium-sparing diuretics primarily affect which part of the kidney?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Distal convoluted tubule. Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as spironolactone, act on the distal convoluted tubule by blocking the aldosterone receptor, which leads to decreased sodium reabsorption and potassium retention. This mechanism helps to promote diuresis while preventing potassium loss. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because potassium-sparing diuretics do not primarily affect the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, or collecting duct in the kidney.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Muscle wasting. Ibuprofen is primarily associated with gastrointestinal side effects like nausea, renal dysfunction, and anemia due to its effects on the stomach, kidneys, and blood. Muscle wasting is not a known direct effect of Ibuprofen toxicity. Ibuprofen is not typically linked to muscle-related issues, making choice D the correct answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Insomnia. Levothyroxine is a thyroid hormone replacement medication used to treat hypothyroidism. An overdose of levothyroxine can lead to hyperthyroidism symptoms, such as insomnia. This occurs due to an excess of thyroid hormone in the body, which can increase metabolism and disrupt sleep patterns. The other choices (B: Constipation, C: Drowsiness, D: Hypoactive deep-tendon reflexes) are not typical manifestations of a levothyroxine overdose. Constipation and drowsiness are more commonly associated with hypothyroidism, the condition being treated with levothyroxine. Hypoactive deep-tendon reflexes are not a typical symptom of either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Diarrhea. Atropine, a cholinoreceptor blocker, inhibits acetylcholine, causing decreased GI motility leading to constipation. Atropine also increases pulse rate due to reduced vagal tone (A). It causes mydriasis by blocking cholinergic receptors in the eye (D). Diarrhea is not a typical side effect of atropine due to its anticholinergic properties.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Congestion. ACE Inhibitors like Captopril do not typically cause congestion as a side effect. The main reason is that ACE inhibitors work by dilating blood vessels, which helps reduce blood pressure and improve blood flow. Congestion is more commonly associated with conditions like allergies or upper respiratory infections. A: Rash - Possible side effect of ACE inhibitors, but not specific to Captopril. B: Angioedema - Rare but serious side effect of ACE inhibitors, including Captopril. C: Cough - Common side effect of ACE inhibitors due to increased bradykinin levels.