Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to increase a female's risk of all the following clinical outcomes except:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Postmenopausal estrogen therapy has been shown to have a protective effect on bone density and reduce the risk of osteoporosis-related fractures, including hip fractures. Estrogen therapy helps to maintain bone strength and reduce the chances of fractures in postmenopausal women. Therefore, estrogen therapy does not increase the risk of hip fractures; in fact, it may decrease the risk of hip fractures in this population.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder where excess growth hormone is produced, leading to the enlargement of bones and tissues. The prevalence of acromegaly is higher in men compared to women, with a ratio of about two men affected for every woman. This gender difference is believed to be due to the impact of sex hormones on the development and progression of the condition. While acromegaly can affect both men and women, men are more commonly diagnosed with the disorder.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia does not lead to dwarfism. It is a group of genetic disorders that affect the adrenal glands and can cause various symptoms related to hormone imbalances. In contrast, the other conditions listed - hypopituitarism, homocystinuria, and pseudohypoparathyroidism - can all lead to dwarfism through different mechanisms. Hypopituitarism is characterized by a deficiency of pituitary hormones, including growth hormone, which can result in stunted growth and dwarfism. Homocystinuria is a metabolic disorder that can affect bone growth and lead to skeletal abnormalities resulting in dwarfism. Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare genetic disorder that can manifest with short stature or dwarfism due to skeletal abnormalities caused by altered bone metabolism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acromegaly is a disorder caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adulthood, usually due to a pituitary tumor. The cranial nerves that may be affected in acromegaly are Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI (oculomotor, trochlear, abducens) due to compression of the optic chiasm by the expanding tumor. Cranial Nerve V (trigeminal nerve) may also be affected given its close proximity to the pituitary gland. However, Cranial Nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) is not typically involved in acromegaly.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prolactin levels can be increased by various factors, including chest wall trauma, pregnancy, and renal failure. However, hyperthyroidism is not typically associated with elevated prolactin levels. In fact, hyperthyroidism is more commonly associated with decreased levels of prolactin due to the inhibitory effect of thyroid hormones on prolactin secretion. Therefore, all of the options except for hyperthyroidism would be expected to increase prolactin levels.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Myxoedema is a severe form of hypothyroidism characterized by a range of symptoms and signs. Ascites, cerebellar ataxia, and increased incidence of pernicious anaemia are recognized features of myxoedema. However, thyroid acropachy is not a recognized feature of myxoedema. Thyroid acropachy is a condition characterized by clubbing of the fingers and toes, swelling of the hands and feet, and periosteal new bone formation, typically seen in patients with Graves' disease, which is a form of hyperthyroidism.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is one of the hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland secretes several hormones that regulate various functions in the body. FSH plays a crucial role in both males and females. In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs. In males, FSH is essential for the production of sperm in the testes. The production and release of FSH are regulated by the hypothalamus and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyperthermia is not a typical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA is typically characterized by high blood sugar levels, ketone accumulation, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, drowsiness, and, in severe cases, unconsciousness. Common symptoms include drowsiness, dehydration, and air hunger (deep and rapid breathing). However, hyperthermia, which refers to an elevated body temperature, is not a characteristic typically associated with DKA. It is important to monitor and manage DKA promptly as it is a serious complication of diabetes that requires immediate medical attention.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Thyrotoxicosis typically presents with hypermetabolism and various neuromuscular manifestations. Myasthenic syndrome, which involves muscle weakness and fatigability, is not a common neuromuscular feature of thyrotoxicosis. Instead, manifestations such as brisk knee jerk reflexes, hypokalaemic periodic paralysis (due to shifts in potassium levels), and hyperkinesia (excessive movement) are more commonly observed in patients with thyrotoxicosis. Myasthenic syndrome is more commonly associated with autoimmune disorders affecting the neuromuscular junction, such as myasthenia gravis.