Possible causes of upper airway obstruction are:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this question, the correct answer is B) Epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is a serious condition in pediatrics that can cause upper airway obstruction due to inflammation and swelling of the epiglottis, leading to potential life-threatening respiratory distress. Option A) Inhaled foreign body in the main bronchus on the right side is incorrect because while foreign body aspiration can cause airway obstruction, it typically presents with symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and unilateral decreased breath sounds rather than upper airway obstruction. Option C) Retropharyngeal abscess is incorrect as it can cause difficulty swallowing and neck stiffness but is less likely to cause upper airway obstruction compared to epiglottitis. Option D) Viral croup is incorrect as it typically presents with a barking cough and inspiratory stridor but does not typically cause severe upper airway obstruction as seen in epiglottitis. Educationally, understanding the different causes of upper airway obstruction in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses as they may encounter such emergencies in clinical practice. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of epiglottitis and differentiating it from other conditions is essential for prompt intervention and management to prevent respiratory compromise.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Rationale: Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of expression of genes on the paternal chromosome 15. Therefore, option A is incorrect as it mentions a maternal deletion. Option B is incorrect as Prader-Willi syndrome typically presents with hypotonia and failure to thrive rather than macrosomia. Option D is also incorrect as although individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome may exhibit behavioral issues, the hallmark features are hyperphagia and developmental delay, making option C the correct answer. Educational Context: Understanding Prader-Willi syndrome is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially those in pediatrics or genetics. By knowing the genetic basis and common clinical manifestations of the syndrome, nurses can provide better care and support to patients and families affected by this condition. Recognizing the developmental delays associated with Prader-Willi syndrome is essential for early intervention and tailored treatment plans. This knowledge enhances the quality of care provided to pediatric patients with complex genetic conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of growth hormone deficiency leading to short stature in pediatric patients, option B, "May be secondary to irradiation to the skull," is the correct answer. This is because irradiation to the skull can damage the pituitary gland, leading to decreased production of growth hormone and subsequent short stature. Option A, "Is characteristically manifest in infancy," is incorrect because growth hormone deficiency may not always be apparent in infancy and can sometimes present later in childhood. Option C, "Can be part of congenital hypopituitarism," is incorrect as congenital hypopituitarism refers to a broader condition affecting multiple pituitary hormones, not just growth hormone. Option D, "Is easily corrected," is incorrect because correcting short stature due to growth hormone deficiency often requires long-term hormone replacement therapy and may not result in achieving normal adult height. Educationally, understanding the causes of short stature in pediatric patients, such as growth hormone deficiency, is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers involved in the care of children. Recognizing the impact of treatments like skull irradiation on growth hormone production helps in identifying and managing the underlying causes of short stature effectively. This knowledge enhances patient care and underscores the importance of early detection and appropriate interventions in pediatric endocrine disorders.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In infants with tender scrotal swelling, the recognized diagnosis of torsion of the testis is crucial due to the potential for testicular ischemia and necrosis if not promptly treated. Torsion of the testis is a urologic emergency that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent long-term complications such as infertility. Option A, inguinal hernia, typically presents as a painless bulge in the groin and is not associated with scrotal tenderness. Option B, epididymo-orchitis, is more common in older children and adolescents and is characterized by inflammation of the epididymis or testis, usually accompanied by systemic symptoms like fever. Option C, breech delivery, is not a recognized diagnosis for tender scrotal swelling in infancy. Understanding the differential diagnosis of tender scrotal swelling in infants is crucial for pediatric healthcare providers to accurately assess and manage these conditions. This knowledge can prevent delays in treatment and improve outcomes for pediatric patients. Nurses working in pediatric settings must be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of torsion of the testis to facilitate timely intervention and prevent potential complications.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pharmacology and pediatric cardiovascular conditions, understanding the implications of obesity in childhood is crucial. Option C, "Is more common in families in Social Class I than in Social Class V," is the correct answer. This is because socioeconomic status plays a significant role in the prevalence of childhood obesity. Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, often classified as Social Class V, are more prone to obesity due to limited access to healthy food options, lack of safe spaces for physical activity, and lower health literacy. Option A, "Is usually associated with hypogonadism," is incorrect because while obesity can have various endocrine implications, hypogonadism is not a typical association in childhood obesity. Option B, "Is unlikely to lead to adult obesity," is incorrect as numerous studies have shown a strong correlation between childhood obesity and the development of obesity in adulthood. Early intervention and management are crucial to prevent long-term health complications. Option D, "Can lead to overestimation of the dose of intravenous fluids when these are required," is incorrect as it does not directly relate to the impact of childhood obesity. However, it is essential for healthcare providers to consider the effects of obesity on medication dosages and fluid requirements in pediatric patients. Educationally, this question highlights the multifactorial nature of childhood obesity and emphasizes the importance of addressing social determinants of health in pediatric populations. Understanding these complexities is vital for healthcare professionals working with children to provide holistic and effective care.