Population structure is a diagram of population typically presented in a pyramid-like style format based on ___________.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Population structure is a diagram that presents the distribution of a population based on age and sex. It is typically displayed in a pyramid-like style format, with the horizontal axis showing the age groups and the vertical axis showing the percentage or number of individuals in each age group, divided by sex. This helps to visualize how the population is distributed in terms of age and sex, providing important insights into demographic trends, such as age dependency ratio and potential future trends in population growth or decline. Age and sex are the key demographic variables used to construct a population structure diagram.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In documenting procedures, it is essential to record information that is relevant to the specific procedure done. Recording the date (A), lot number (C), and needle gauge (D) are critical details that provide important context and traceability for the procedure performed. The date helps to keep track of when the procedure was conducted. The lot number is essential for tracking the specific batch of materials used in the procedure. The needle gauge is important for ensuring the appropriate equipment is used for the procedure. However, recording the manufacturer (B) is not necessary for documenting the procedures as it does not directly impact the quality or traceability of the procedure itself.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The medication given after a successful vaginal delivery that helps to hasten uterine contractility and control bleeding is typically an oxytocic agent, such as oxytocin. Oxytocin helps the uterus to contract effectively, which is important for preventing excessive bleeding after delivery. This medication is commonly used in the postpartum period to help the uterus return to its normal size and position. The supervisor reassured the newly hired nurse that everything will be fine because this medication will help promote uterine contractions and control bleeding, which are crucial steps in the postpartum management.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The symptoms described - muscle weakness, fatigue, constipation, hyperpigmentation of the skin, low serum cortisol levels, and elevated ACTH levels - are classic findings in Addison's disease. Addison's disease is a primary adrenal insufficiency characterized by the insufficient production of cortisol and, to some extent, aldosterone. The low cortisol levels result in symptoms such as muscle weakness, fatigue, and skin hyperpigmentation due to increased levels of ACTH stimulating melanin production. In contrast, in conditions like hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus, the symptoms and laboratory findings would not fully align with those described in the patient in this scenario.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Avascular necrosis of the femoral head, also known as osteonecrosis, is a common complication associated with hip fractures in elderly patients. It occurs when there is a loss of blood supply to the femoral head following the fracture, leading to bone tissue death. This can result in pain, limitation of motion, and potentially the collapse of the femoral head, causing further complications. Timely diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial in order to prevent further degeneration of the hip joint. Other complications such as compartment syndrome, dislocation of the hip prosthesis, and Volkmann's contracture are not typically associated with hip fractures in elderly patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The type of incontinence that Patient Tita is demonstrating, with involuntary loss of urine occurring as a result of activities such as sneezing, coughing, or changing position, is known as stress incontinence. Stress incontinence occurs when there is increased pressure on the bladder, causing the sphincter muscles to weaken and leading to urine leakage. Activities that physically stress or put pressure on the bladder, such as the ones mentioned, can trigger episodes of stress incontinence.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The initial teaching given to a patient with ALS and her family should focus on explaining the disease process, the expected course, and prognosis. Providing this information early on can help the patient and her family understand what to expect, make informed decisions about care and treatment, and prepare emotionally for the challenges ahead. It is important to establish open communication and provide support from the beginning to help the patient and her family cope with the diagnosis and navigate the journey with ALS. While referral to support groups, prevention of complications, and prevention of depression are all important aspects of care for ALS patients, understanding the disease process and prognosis is fundamental to setting realistic expectations and planning for the future.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In qualitative research, a focus group discussion is a technique where a group of participants are brought together to discuss specific topics in depth. In this case, Nurse Carmi's plan to gather 6 participants who are victims of domestic violence aligns well with the focus group discussion technique. By involving multiple participants who have experienced domestic violence, she can facilitate a dynamic conversation to gather rich data and insights. This approach allows for the exploration of diverse perspectives, experiences, and opinions within the group setting, providing a deeper understanding of the issue at hand. Additionally, focus group discussions can be more cost-effective and efficient than conducting individual interviews when working with a small group of participants. Therefore, conducting a focus group discussion would be an appropriate qualitative research technique for Nurse Carmi's plan to gather data from victims of domestic violence for her questionnaires.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The primary goal of enhancing communication skills for a nurse is to establish rapport with patients, which can lead to better outcomes, increased patient satisfaction, and improved quality of care. Generating a threat between the nurse and the patient is counterproductive to building rapport and does not align with the intention of enhancing communication skills in healthcare settings.