Polysplenia (left isomerism) is characterized by

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In the context of pediatric nursing and cardiovascular disorders, understanding the characteristics of polysplenia (left isomerism) is crucial for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients. The correct answer, option C) absent gallbladder, aligns with the pathophysiology of polysplenia. In polysplenia, there is a lack of normal lateralization of organs, leading to multiple spleens and other anomalies such as absent gallbladder. This absence of the gallbladder is a key feature of left isomerism. Option A) right-sided stomach is incorrect because the position of the stomach is not typically affected in polysplenia. Option B) decreased pulmonary blood flow is unrelated to the characteristic features of polysplenia. Option D) howell-jolly bodies are associated with certain blood disorders and are not a characteristic finding in polysplenia. Educationally, understanding the specific anatomical and physiological alterations seen in polysplenia helps nurses and healthcare providers recognize this condition, anticipate associated complications, and provide appropriate care interventions. By grasping these nuances, nurses can deliver comprehensive care to pediatric patients with polysplenia and other complex cardiovascular disorders.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the complications of infective endocarditis is crucial for providing effective care. In this scenario, the correct answer is A) heart failure. This is the most common morbidity because infective endocarditis can lead to significant damage to the heart valves, resulting in impaired cardiac function and ultimately heart failure. Option B) pulmonary emboli is less common in pediatric infective endocarditis compared to adults. Pulmonary emboli occur when blood clots travel to the lungs, which is not a primary complication seen in pediatric cases. Option C) mycotic aneurysms can occur in infective endocarditis, but they are not as common as heart failure in terms of morbidity. Mycotic aneurysms are localized dilations of blood vessels due to infection, which can lead to serious complications but are not as prevalent as heart failure. Option D) acquired ventricular septal defect is a possible complication of infective endocarditis, but it is not as common as heart failure. Ventricular septal defects are abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart and can result from the infection damaging the heart structures. Educationally, understanding the most common morbidities associated with infective endocarditis in pediatric patients is essential for nurses to provide optimal care and monitoring. Recognizing signs of heart failure early, such as respiratory distress, poor feeding, and tachycardia, can lead to timely interventions and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding cardiovascular disorders, including cardiac tumors, is crucial for providing effective care. The correct answer, option B) rhabdomyomas, is the most common pediatric cardiac tumor. Rhabdomyomas are typically benign and often found in the heart, especially in infants. They are associated with tuberous sclerosis, a genetic disorder. Option A) fibromas are less common in pediatric cardiac tumors compared to rhabdomyomas. Fibromas are more frequently seen in older children and can cause structural issues in the heart. Option C) myxomas are more commonly seen in adults than in pediatric patients. They are primary cardiac tumors that arise from the endocardium. Option D) hemangiomas are vascular tumors but are not typically found in the heart. They are more commonly seen in the skin and liver in pediatric patients. Understanding the prevalence, characteristics, and associations of different cardiac tumors in pediatric patients is essential for nurses caring for children with cardiovascular disorders. Recognizing the most common types of tumors helps in early detection, appropriate management, and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, understanding the importance of measuring serum potassium levels in children with confirmed hypertension is crucial for detecting potential underlying conditions. In this scenario, the correct answer is D) apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME). AME is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hypertension, low renin and aldosterone levels, and hyperkalemia. Due to the impaired activity of the enzyme 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2, which normally inactivates cortisol to cortisone in the kidney, cortisol can bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, leading to increased sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion. Option A) Liddle syndrome and B) Gordon syndrome are both characterized by hypertension but typically present with hypokalemia rather than hyperkalemia. In Liddle syndrome, there is increased renal sodium reabsorption through epithelial sodium channels, while Gordon syndrome involves mutations in WNK kinases affecting sodium-chloride cotransporters. Option C) glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is associated with hypertension and low renin levels, but hyperkalemia is not a typical feature. In GRA, aldosterone is produced under the control of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) due to a chimeric gene. Educationally, recognizing these distinct genetic disorders affecting potassium levels and blood pressure regulation in pediatric patients is vital for accurate diagnosis and management. Monitoring serum potassium levels helps identify specific conditions like AME, guiding appropriate treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct match in this question is A) Tuberous sclerosis-Cardiac rhabdomyoma. Tuberous sclerosis is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of noncancerous tumors in multiple organs, including the heart. Cardiac rhabdomyomas are a type of tumor commonly seen in infants with tuberous sclerosis. This association is important to recognize for early diagnosis and management of cardiovascular complications in pediatric patients with tuberous sclerosis. Option B) WPW syndrome-SVT is incorrect because Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a cardiac condition characterized by an accessory pathway that can lead to supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), but the direct match here is not accurate for this question. Option C) Maternal SLE-Irreversible complete heart block is incorrect because systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can lead to congenital heart block in infants born to mothers with SLE, not necessarily irreversible complete heart block as stated in the option. Option D) Parvo B19-Roseola infectiosum is incorrect because Parvovirus B19 is associated with fifth disease (erythema infectiosum) and not with roseola infectiosum, which is usually caused by human herpesvirus 6. Understanding these associations is crucial for nurses caring for pediatric patients with cardiovascular disorders. Recognizing these relationships can aid in early identification, appropriate interventions, and improved outcomes for these vulnerable patients.