Platelet aggregation is an important event in haemostasis. Which of the following statement is true for platelet aggregation in vascular injury?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Platelet aggregation is a crucial step in the process of hemostasis, where platelets clump together to form a plug at the site of vascular injury. The correct statement (C) "Platelets change their shape during the process" is true because platelets undergo shape change from a discoid shape to a more spiky, activated form during aggregation. This change in shape allows platelets to adhere to each other and to the damaged blood vessel, facilitating clot formation. Option A, "There will be initial vasodilation," is incorrect because vascular injury typically leads to vasoconstriction, not vasodilation, to minimize blood loss. Option B, "Clotting factors play no role in its formation," is incorrect as clotting factors are essential for the coagulation cascade, which works in conjunction with platelet aggregation to form a stable clot. Option D, "Serotonin stimulates platelet aggregation," is incorrect because while serotonin is stored in platelets and released during aggregation, it does not directly stimulate platelet aggregation but rather acts as a vasoconstrictor and promotes further platelet activation. Understanding platelet aggregation is vital in the context of hematology drugs as medications targeting this process, such as antiplatelet agents, are commonly used in clinical practice to prevent and treat thrombotic events. It is essential for healthcare professionals to grasp the intricacies of platelet function to make informed decisions regarding the use of hematology drugs for various hematological conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) The vector once infected with the virus remains infective for life. Explanation: In the case of Dengue fever, the vector, which is the Aedes mosquito, remains infective for life once it gets infected with the Dengue virus. This is a crucial factor in the transmission of the disease. The Aedes mosquito can transmit the virus to humans throughout its lifespan, increasing the risk of Dengue fever outbreaks. Why others are wrong: A) Dengue fever is not caused by a DNA virus. It is caused by an RNA virus known as the Dengue virus, belonging to the Flaviviridae family. C) The Aedes mosquito, the vector for Dengue fever, does not prefer polluted water for propagation. It typically breeds in clean, stagnant water sources. D) Joint symptoms are commoner in chikungunya fever compared to Dengue fever. While joint pain is a hallmark of chikungunya, Dengue fever is more characterized by symptoms like high fever, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, and rash. Educational context: Understanding the characteristics of vector-borne diseases like Dengue fever is crucial for healthcare professionals, especially in tropical regions where these diseases are prevalent. Knowing how the virus is transmitted, the behavior of the vector, and the clinical manifestations of the disease can aid in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies. This knowledge is vital for healthcare providers to effectively manage and control outbreaks of Dengue fever.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is option A) Beta 2 adrenergic agonist; Inhaled, short-acting prevention of asthma episode (exercise-induced). Levalbuterol is classified as a beta 2 adrenergic agonist, which means it acts on beta 2 receptors in the lungs to cause bronchodilation, making it an effective treatment for conditions like asthma and COPD. Specifically, levalbuterol is used for the prevention of asthma episodes, particularly those induced by exercise. Option B) Alpha 1 adrenergic agonist is incorrect because levalbuterol does not act on alpha 1 receptors. Option C) Benzodiazepine is also incorrect as benzodiazepines are not used for respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD. From an educational perspective, understanding the classification of medications is crucial for healthcare professionals to accurately prescribe and administer drugs. Knowing the therapeutic uses of medications helps in providing appropriate treatment to patients. In this case, knowledge of levalbuterol being a beta 2 adrenergic agonist and its specific therapeutic use in preventing exercise-induced asthma episodes is essential for nurses managing patients with respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In hematology, understanding the contraindications and precautions for prescribing beta 2 adrenergic agonists is crucial for safe and effective patient care. Option B is correct because patients with a documented history of tachycardia, diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hypertension, and angina are at higher risk for adverse effects such as increased heart rate and potential cardiovascular complications when given beta 2 adrenergic agonists. Option A is incorrect because post-traumatic stress disease is not directly related to the physiological concerns associated with tachycardia and beta 2 adrenergic agonists. Option C is also incorrect because chronic ulcers do not have a direct correlation with the cardiovascular effects of beta 2 adrenergic agonists. Educationally, it is important to understand the specific patient populations that may be at higher risk for complications when using certain medications. Nurses must be able to recognize contraindications and precautions to ensure patient safety and optimal outcomes. This knowledge helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions when managing patients with complex medical histories.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the treatment of respiratory conditions like asthma or COPD, inhaled beta 2 agonists are bronchodilators that work quickly to open up the airways, while inhaled glucocorticoids are anti-inflammatory drugs that work best when absorbed directly into the lungs. Advising the patient to inhale the beta 2 agonist before the glucocorticoid is crucial because it allows the bronchodilator to open up the airways first, enabling better penetration and absorption of the glucocorticoid into the lungs. This sequence ensures that the medications work optimally to provide both immediate relief and long-term control of respiratory symptoms. Option B, inhaling the beta 2 agonist after the glucocorticoid, is incorrect because it would not allow the bronchodilator to open up the airways before the anti-inflammatory drug is administered, potentially reducing the effectiveness of both medications. Option C, inhaling the beta 2 agonist simultaneously with the glucocorticoid, is also incorrect because it may not allow sufficient time for the bronchodilator to take effect before the glucocorticoid is delivered, compromising the therapeutic benefits of both medications. Option D, suggesting that the sequence of inhalation doesn't matter, is incorrect because the timing of administration for these two types of inhalers does impact their effectiveness. By understanding the rationale behind the correct sequence of inhalation, nurses can educate patients on the proper technique to maximize the benefits of their prescribed medications and improve their respiratory outcomes.