Place the flow of blood through the nephron in correct order.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Blood flows: afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary e.g., filtration to reabsorption. Peritubular before glomerulus reverses impossible. Efferent first skips input wrong. Peritubular start ignores filtration false. Correct order distinguishes it, key to nephron circulation, unlike reversed sequences.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alcohol is a diuretic inhibits ADH secretion (e.g., hypothalamus suppression), increasing urine. Antidiuretic increases retention opposite. Diuretic/increases ADH contradicts more water retained. Antidiuretic/inhibits misnames diuresis occurs. Diuretic/inhibition distinguishes it, key to alcohol's effect, unlike retention or reverse errors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All dialysis (blood filtering), CAPD (peritoneal), transplant treat renal failure (e.g., replace kidney function). Dialysis alone omits options partial. CAPD alone excludes others limited. Transplant alone ignores temporaries insufficient. Comprehensive treatments distinguish it, key to renal management, unlike singular approaches.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Vasa recta acts as a countercurrent exchanger maintains medullary gradient (e.g., loops with Loop of Henle). Afferent arterioles supply not exchange. Urethra drains no countercurrent. Trigone is bladder not exchanger. Vasa recta's exchange distinguishes it, critical for concentration, unlike supply or drainage structures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Each H secreted pairs with Na reabsorption e.g., Na /H exchanger in PCT maintains electroneutrality. pH doubling is logarithmic false. Aldosterone isn't directly tied separate control. pH decrease is blood not tubule effect. Na reabsorption distinguishes it, key to ion balance, unlike pH or hormonal errors.