Pick out the bronchodilator drug related to xanthine:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: Theophylline. Theophylline is a bronchodilator drug related to xanthine due to its chemical structure being a xanthine derivative. It works by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, thus dilating the bronchioles and improving airflow in conditions like asthma and COPD. A: Atropine is not a xanthine derivative and is mainly used to treat bradycardia and in emergency situations like poisoning. B: Orciprenaline is a beta-2 adrenergic agonist, not a xanthine derivative, used for bronchodilation in conditions like asthma and COPD. C: Adrenaline is a catecholamine and acts as a non-selective adrenergic agonist, primarily used in emergency situations like anaphylaxis and cardiac arrest. It is not a xanthine derivative. In summary, Theophylline is the correct choice

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Amrinone. Amrinone is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases inotropic state by enhancing myocardial contractility and reduces afterload by vasodilation. This dual mechanism helps improve cardiac output in heart failure. A: Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic drug, not used for inotropic support. C: Propranolol is a beta-blocker that reduces heart rate but does not directly affect inotropic state or afterload. D: Enalapril is an ACE inhibitor that helps reduce afterload but does not have direct inotropic effects.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Step-by-step rationale for why choice B (Validol) is the correct answer: 1. Validol contains menthol, which acts as a reflex coronary dilator. 2. Menthol stimulates cold receptors in the oral cavity, leading to vasodilation. 3. Vasodilation in the coronary arteries increases blood flow to the heart. 4. This helps relieve angina symptoms by improving blood supply to the heart muscle. Summary: - A: Dipyridamole is a vasodilator but acts through adenosine receptor stimulation, not reflex coronary dilation. - C: Atenolol is a beta-blocker that reduces heart rate and contractility but does not cause reflex coronary dilation. - D: Alinidine is a central alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, which reduces sympathetic outflow but does not directly cause reflex coronary dilation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Aspirin. Aspirin is an antiplatelet agent that works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase, thereby reducing the formation of thromboxane A2 which is a potent vasoconstrictor. This action leads to improved blood flow by preventing platelet aggregation and reducing the risk of blood clots. Heparin (A) is an anticoagulant that works by inhibiting clotting factors in the blood, not specifically related to blood flow. Pyracetam (C) and Tanakan (D) are not known to influence blood flow or act as antiplatelet agents.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because pancreatic β-cells secrete insulin, C-peptide, proinsulin, and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Insulin regulates blood sugar levels, C-peptide is a byproduct of insulin synthesis, proinsulin is the precursor of insulin, and IAPP helps in glucose metabolism. Choice A is incorrect as glucagon is secreted by α-cells, not β-cells, and proglucagon is not a primary secretory product of β-cells. Choice C is incorrect as somatostatin is mainly secreted by δ-cells in the pancreas, not β-cells. Choice D is incorrect as pancreatic polypeptide (PP) is secreted by PP-cells, a separate cell type in the pancreas, not by β-cells.