Physiological responses to serious illness include an increase in the following Except:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Physiological responses to serious illness often involve the body's attempt to maintain homeostasis and cope with the stress imposed by the illness. In this case, the correct answer is A) Blood pressure, which would typically increase in response to serious illness due to various factors such as increased sympathetic nervous system activity and the release of stress hormones like adrenaline. Heart rate (option B) would also typically increase in response to serious illness as the body tries to pump more blood to meet the increased metabolic demands. Respiratory rate (option C) may increase as well to improve oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal. The action of accessory respiratory muscles (option D) may also increase in response to serious illness to aid in breathing. Understanding these physiological responses is crucial for pediatric nurses as it helps them assess and monitor the condition of their young patients. By recognizing these signs, nurses can intervene promptly and provide appropriate care to stabilize the child's condition. This knowledge also enables nurses to anticipate potential complications and make informed decisions regarding treatment strategies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the context of pediatric oncology, understanding the types of relapse in acute leukemia is crucial for providing effective care to young patients. The correct answer is B) Medullary relapse. This type of relapse occurs in the bone marrow, which is a common site for leukemia to reappear due to the presence of leukemic cells. Option A) Clinical relapse refers to the return of symptoms and signs of leukemia without necessarily involving specific sites like the bone marrow. While clinical relapse is important, medullary relapse specifically targets the primary site of disease manifestation. Option C) CNS relapse pertains to leukemia recurrence in the central nervous system, which is another common site for relapse in leukemia, but not the most common type. Option D) Testicular relapse is specific to leukemia recurrence in the testes, which is less common compared to relapse in the bone marrow. Educationally, knowing the types of relapse in leukemia helps pediatric nurses to monitor and assess patients effectively, anticipate complications, and intervene promptly. By understanding the most common sites of relapse like the bone marrow, nurses can provide targeted care and support to young patients undergoing treatment for acute leukemia.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In this scenario, the correct answer is B) Anaphylactoid purpura. Anaphylactoid purpura, also known as Henoch-Schonlein purpura, is the most common cause of non-thrombocytopenic purpura in children. This condition is characterized by inflammation of small blood vessels and typically presents with a rash of palpable purpura on the lower extremities, joint pain, abdominal pain, and sometimes kidney involvement. Option A) Disseminated intravascular hemolysis (DIC) is incorrect because DIC is a disorder characterized by widespread activation of coagulation leading to thrombosis and bleeding. It is associated with thrombocytopenia, not non-thrombocytopenic purpura. Option C) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is incorrect as it is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow, leading to symptoms such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia, but not typically presenting with non-thrombocytopenic purpura. Option D) Hypersplenism is incorrect because it is a condition where the spleen becomes overactive and removes blood cells, leading to cytopenias such as thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukopenia. It is not a common cause of non-thrombocytopenic purpura in children. Understanding the common causes of purpura in children is crucial for pediatric nurses as they play a vital role in identifying, managing, and educating families about these conditions. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of anaphylactoid purpura can lead to prompt intervention and appropriate care for pediatric patients. This knowledge enhances the nurse's ability to provide holistic care and support to children and their families facing these health challenges.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) Mixed cellularity. In classic Hodgkin disease, mixed cellularity is the most common histological subtype in children. This subtype is characterized by a mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, including lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, and histiocytes. Option A) Nodular sclerosis is another subtype of classic Hodgkin disease, but it is more commonly seen in adolescents and young adults rather than children. Option B) Lymphocyte predominance is a subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma, but it is distinct from classic Hodgkin disease and is rarely seen in children. Option C) Lymphocyte depletion is a rare subtype of classic Hodgkin disease and is not the most common subtype in children. Educationally, understanding the histological subtypes of Hodgkin disease is crucial for pediatric nurses as it helps in recognizing the differences in presentation, prognosis, and treatment approaches. Knowing the most common subtype in children can aid in providing appropriate care and support to pediatric patients with Hodgkin disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Object permanence is a crucial milestone in cognitive development, especially in infants. The correct answer is option C, actively searching for a hidden object, as it directly demonstrates an understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. This behavior indicates that the infant has developed object permanence, a concept identified by Piaget as occurring around 8-12 months of age. Option A, recognizing a familiar face like the mother, is a social and emotional milestone but does not directly relate to object permanence. Option B, recognizing a familiar object like a bottle, shows memory and familiarity but not the understanding of object permanence. Option D, securing objects by pulling on a string, involves a different concept of cause and effect rather than object permanence. Understanding object permanence is essential for infants to develop trust, security, and explore their environment confidently. Educators and caregivers must provide opportunities for infants to practice object permanence through games like peek-a-boo or hiding toys to support their cognitive growth.