Photosensitivity dermatitis in nutritional deficiency disorders of childhood is usually caused by deficiency of

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In the context of photosensitivity dermatitis in nutritional deficiency disorders of childhood, the correct answer is A) niacin. Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, plays a crucial role in skin health and is essential for the repair and maintenance of skin cells. A deficiency in niacin can lead to a condition called pellagra, which is characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death if left untreated. Option B) zinc is essential for skin health, wound healing, and immune function; however, a deficiency in zinc typically presents with symptoms like delayed wound healing, impaired immune function, and hair loss rather than photosensitivity dermatitis. Option C) vitamin A is important for vision, immune function, and cell growth, but its deficiency is more commonly associated with symptoms like night blindness, dry skin, and impaired immune function rather than photosensitivity dermatitis. Option D) riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is important for energy production and red blood cell formation. Its deficiency can lead to symptoms like sore throat, redness and swelling of the lining of the mouth and throat, and inflammation of the tongue, but not typically photosensitivity dermatitis. Educationally, understanding the relationship between specific nutrients and their impact on skin health is crucial for healthcare providers working with pediatric populations. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of nutritional deficiencies, such as photosensitivity dermatitis in the case of niacin deficiency, can aid in early identification and intervention to prevent further complications. It underscores the importance of a well-balanced diet and proper nutrition in promoting overall health and well-being in children.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) B12. Vitamin B12 is sourced exclusively from animal products. This is due to the fact that vitamin B12 is synthesized by bacteria found in the digestive tracts of animals and not plants. Therefore, individuals following a vegan or vegetarian diet may be at risk of B12 deficiency and require supplementation or fortified foods. Option A) Thiamine (B1) is found in a variety of foods including whole grains, legumes, and nuts, not just animal products. Option B) Riboflavin (B2) is commonly found in dairy products, eggs, lean meats, and green leafy vegetables, making it available from both animal and plant sources. Option C) Niacin (B3) can be obtained from both animal and plant sources such as meat, fish, nuts, seeds, and grains. Understanding the sources of essential vitamins is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric populations. It is essential to educate parents and caregivers on the importance of a balanced diet to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients for children's growth, development, and overall health. Encouraging a diverse diet that includes a variety of food sources can help prevent deficiencies and promote optimal health outcomes in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal assessment, understanding the role of vitamin K in blood coagulation factors is crucial for diagnosing and managing clotting disorders. The correct answer is option C) VIII, as factor VIII is not dependent on vitamin K for its synthesis and post-translational conversion. Factors II, VII, and IX are all vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Factor II (prothrombin), VII, and IX are synthesized as inactive precursors and require vitamin K for post-translational modification into their active forms. Vitamin K is essential for the gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in these factors, which is necessary for their proper functioning in the coagulation cascade. Understanding the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors is essential in the assessment of bleeding disorders in pediatric patients. Deficiencies in these factors can lead to prolonged clotting times and an increased risk of bleeding. By knowing which factors are dependent on vitamin K, healthcare providers can accurately diagnose and manage coagulation disorders in pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A) 4%. Iron-fortified cow's milk formula has a low percentage of intestinal absorption of iron due to the presence of calcium and casein, which inhibit iron absorption. The calcium in cow's milk formula competes with iron for absorption in the intestines, leading to reduced absorption rates. This is why the percent intestinal absorption of iron from iron-fortified cow's milk formula is only 4%. Option B) 10%, Option C) 14%, and Option D) 20% are incorrect because they suggest higher absorption rates, which is not the case with iron-fortified cow's milk formula. It is essential for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations, to understand the nuances of iron absorption in different formulas to ensure optimal nutrition for children. By knowing the absorption rates of iron in various formula types, healthcare providers can make informed decisions when recommending feeding options for infants and children to prevent iron deficiency anemia.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric gastroenterology, understanding the nutritional needs of infants is crucial for their growth and development. The correct answer to the question is D) 17 gm/day for total protein intake in a nine-month-old boy. At nine months of age, infants are undergoing rapid growth and development, requiring adequate protein intake to support muscle growth, organ development, and overall health. The AI for protein at this age is higher compared to younger infants as they become more active and their nutritional needs increase. Option A) 9 gm/day is too low for a nine-month-old's protein requirements. Insufficient protein intake can lead to growth delays and inadequate muscle development. Option B) 11 gm/day is also below the recommended AI for protein in a nine-month-old, which could result in compromised growth and development. Option C) 13 gm/day falls short of the necessary protein intake for a nine-month-old infant, potentially impacting their overall growth and health. Educationally, it is essential for healthcare providers and caregivers to be aware of the specific nutritional needs of infants at different stages of development. Understanding the correct protein requirements at nine months helps ensure optimal growth and development, highlighting the importance of appropriate feeding practices and diet planning for infants in this age group.