Phenobarbital (luminal) is given to a client for a short treatment of anxiety. Which of the following results would indicate a therapeutic serum range of the medication?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The therapeutic serum range for phenobarbital (luminal) in the treatment of anxiety is typically 5-10 mcg/ml. This range is considered effective in managing anxiety symptoms while minimizing the risk of side effects associated with higher levels of the medication. Lower serum levels may be ineffective in treating anxiety, while higher levels increase the risk of adverse effects. Therefore, maintaining the serum concentration within the range of 5-10 mcg/ml is optimal for therapeutic benefits with minimal risks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The therapeutic serum range for phenobarbital (luminal) in the treatment of anxiety is typically 5-10 mcg/ml. This range is considered effective in managing anxiety symptoms while minimizing the risk of side effects associated with higher levels of the medication. Lower serum levels may be ineffective in treating anxiety, while higher levels increase the risk of adverse effects. Therefore, maintaining the serum concentration within the range of 5-10 mcg/ml is optimal for therapeutic benefits with minimal risks.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Aripiprazole, a third-generation antipsychotic, acts as a partial agonist at D2 receptors, stabilizing dopamine activity: it activates receptors in low-dopamine states (e.g., negative symptoms) and competes with excess dopamine (e.g., psychosis), reducing side effects like EPS. Clozapine, a second-generation drug, has weak D2 affinity, targeting 5HT2 and other receptors. Haloperidol, a first-generation antipsychotic, is a D2 antagonist. Risperidone and thioridazine block D2 fully, not partially. Aripiprazole's unique partial agonism, confirmed by pharmacological data, balances efficacy and tolerability, distinguishing it in schizophrenia treatment.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Adrenaline, or epinephrine, is a catecholamine that exerts its effects through adrenergic receptors, which are G-protein-coupled, making its action via G-proteins a true statement. Alpha receptor stimulation typically inhibits adenylate cyclase, reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, which aligns with its known pharmacology and is also true. Adrenaline can indeed be administered via inhalation (e.g., for asthma), orally (though less common), and parenterally (e.g., intramuscularly in anaphylaxis), confirming this as true. However, adrenaline does have active metabolites, such as metanephrine and normetanephrine, produced via catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) metabolism, making the statement about having no active metabolites false. In cardiac arrest, it facilitates CPR by causing peripheral vasoconstriction, increasing coronary perfusion pressure, which is true. The false statement here is about the absence of active metabolites, as adrenaline's breakdown products retain some activity, a key point in understanding its pharmacokinetics and duration of effect.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin are trade (brand) names for ibuprofen, marketed by different companies, distinct from its generic name (ibuprofen) or chemical name (e.g., 2-(4-isobutylphenyl)propanoic acid). Combination names aren't a category. Trade names reflect commercial branding, familiar to clients, a key distinction in pharmacology.