Pharmacogenetics will eventually allow researchers to do which of the following?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Allow the design of custom drugs. Pharmacogenetics involves studying how genes influence a person's response to drugs. By understanding how genetic variations affect drug metabolism and efficacy, researchers can design personalized medications tailored to an individual's genetic profile. This approach can lead to more effective and safer treatments. Choice A is incorrect because removing genes that cause illness is not the focus of pharmacogenetics; it is more about optimizing drug therapies based on genetic information. Choice C is incorrect as pharmacogenetics primarily deals with drug responses, not food development. Choice D is incorrect as splicing genes for health improvement is more related to genetic engineering and gene therapy, not specifically pharmacogenetics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: 10 minutes. Sodium nitroprusside is a potent vasodilator used in hypertensive emergencies. It has a rapid onset of action and short half-life. Infusing the maximum dose for a longer duration could lead to excessive hypotension. Therefore, it should be titrated carefully, usually starting with a lower dose and increasing gradually. In this case, the nurse should monitor the patient's response closely and adjust the dose as needed every 5-10 minutes. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they suggest longer infusion durations, which could pose a risk of severe hypotension and adverse effects.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: acetaminophen (Tylenol). Acetaminophen is the preferred pain reliever for patients on warfarin therapy because it does not interfere with the blood-thinning effects of warfarin. Aspirin, ibuprofen, and opioids can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin due to their antiplatelet or anti-inflammatory effects. Acetaminophen provides effective pain relief without affecting the anticoagulant properties of warfarin, making it the safest choice for this patient.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because a decrease in symptoms of tuberculosis, improved chest x-rays, and sputum cultures indicate a therapeutic response to antitubercular therapy. This shows that the medication is effectively treating the infection. A: The chronic cough being gone does not necessarily indicate a therapeutic response as other symptoms and tests need to be considered. B: Two consecutive negative PPD results do not directly correlate with the effectiveness of antitubercular therapy as they measure immune response, not treatment response. C: Increased tolerance to medication and fewer reports of adverse effects are positive outcomes but do not directly indicate the effectiveness of the antitubercular therapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Acetylation. In the second phase of biotransformation, conjugation reactions occur where a functional group is added to the drug molecule. Acetylation involves the addition of an acetyl group to the drug molecule, making it more water-soluble and easier to excrete. Reduction (B) typically occurs in the first phase, oxidation (C) can occur in both phases, and hydrolysis (D) usually occurs in the first phase as well. Therefore, acetylation is the most likely process to proceed in the second phase of biotransformation.