Pervasive developmental disorders, also known as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), consist of five disorders. The hallmark of these disorders is

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) impaired communication and social interaction. This is because the hallmark feature of pervasive developmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), is difficulties in social interaction and communication. Children with ASDs often struggle with understanding social cues, maintaining eye contact, engaging in reciprocal conversations, and forming meaningful relationships with others. Option A) onset is in infancy and preschool years is incorrect because while symptoms of ASDs typically appear in early childhood, they may not be recognized until later in life. Option C) mental retardation is incorrect because not all individuals with ASDs have intellectual disabilities, and it is not a defining characteristic of the disorder. Option D) aggression is incorrect because aggression is a behavior that can occur in individuals with ASDs, but it is not the hallmark feature of the disorder. In an educational context, understanding the hallmark features of ASDs is crucial for healthcare professionals working with pediatric patients. Recognizing and addressing communication and social interaction challenges early can lead to more effective interventions and support for children with ASDs. By knowing the key characteristics of pervasive developmental disorders, nurses can provide better care and support for these patients and their families.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric nursing, effective communication with parents is crucial for providing optimal care for children. The correct answer to this question is A) hidden anxiety. When a parent does not appear readily reassured by the diagnosis or treatment plan, it may indicate underlying anxiety that is not overtly expressed. This hidden anxiety can stem from various sources such as fear of the unknown, concerns about their child's well-being, or past traumatic experiences. Option B) mistrust may seem like a plausible choice, but in this context, the lack of reassurance is more likely due to the parent's own internal emotional state rather than a lack of trust in the healthcare provider. Option C) negativism and D) oppositionism are less likely in this scenario as they suggest a more overtly negative or oppositional attitude from the parent, which is not necessarily implied by the lack of reassurance alone. Educationally, understanding the nuances of parental reactions and emotions is crucial for pediatric nurses. By recognizing signs of hidden anxiety, nurses can provide additional support, empathy, and information to address parents' concerns effectively. This can help build trust, improve communication, and ultimately enhance the overall care experience for both the child and the parent.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, the appropriate therapy is adenotonsillectomy (Option A). This procedure is considered the first-line treatment for children with enlarged tonsils and adenoids, which are a common cause of obstructive sleep apnea in this population. By removing the obstruction in the upper airway, adenotonsillectomy helps improve airflow during sleep, alleviating symptoms of sleep apnea. Tracheostomy (Option B) is a more invasive and drastic measure that is typically reserved for cases where other treatments have failed or in very severe cases. It is not the first-line treatment option for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Parapharyngeal muscle surgery (Option C) is not a standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in children. The primary focus in pediatric cases is addressing anatomical factors such as enlarged tonsils and adenoids. Theophylline (Option D) is a medication that is not typically used as a primary treatment for obstructive sleep apnea in children. It is more commonly used for conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In an educational context, understanding the appropriate management of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea is crucial for healthcare providers working with children. Adenotonsillectomy is a well-established and effective treatment that can significantly improve the quality of life for children with obstructive sleep apnea. Educating healthcare professionals about the appropriate interventions for this condition ensures optimal care and outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In this question, the MOST severe acute reaction to radiation therapy is cerebral edema (Option C). Cerebral edema is the swelling of the brain due to excess fluid accumulation. When radiation therapy is directed towards the brain or cranial area, it can cause significant inflammation and swelling, leading to cerebral edema. This can result in serious neurological symptoms and potentially life-threatening complications. Regarding the other options: A) Pneumonitis is inflammation in the lungs, which can occur with chest radiation but is typically not as severe or immediately life-threatening as cerebral edema. B) Dermatitis refers to skin irritation or inflammation, which is a common side effect of radiation therapy but is generally not as severe or dangerous as cerebral edema. D) Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophagus, often seen with radiation to the chest or upper abdomen, but it is not as immediately life-threatening as cerebral edema. In a pediatric nursing context, understanding the potential acute effects of radiation therapy is crucial for providing comprehensive care to pediatric patients undergoing treatment. Nurses must be vigilant for signs and symptoms of cerebral edema in these patients to ensure early detection and prompt intervention to prevent complications and promote positive outcomes.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D) bronchospasm. Inocybe mushrooms containing muscarine or muscarine-related compounds lead to an exaggerated cholinergic response. Bronchospasm is the most serious complication because it can result in severe respiratory distress and compromise the airway, leading to respiratory failure and potentially death. Option A) diaphoresis, while a symptom of cholinergic toxicity, is not as immediately life-threatening as bronchospasm. Option B) bradycardia and Option C) hypotension are also common manifestations of cholinergic toxicity but are not as acutely dangerous as bronchospasm in this context. Educationally, understanding the effects of muscarine-containing mushrooms on the body, particularly the respiratory system, is crucial for healthcare providers managing cases of mushroom poisoning. Recognizing the most serious complication can guide prompt and appropriate interventions to prevent severe outcomes in affected patients.