Persistent oral thrush in a thirty five-day-old healthy infant is MOST likely due to

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rationale: The correct answer is B) broad-spectrum antibiotic use. Oral thrush, which is a yeast infection caused by Candida albicans, is commonly seen in infants who have been on broad-spectrum antibiotics. These medications can disrupt the balance of microorganisms in the body, allowing yeast to overgrow and cause infections like oral thrush. Option A) chronic diarrhea is not the most likely cause of persistent oral thrush in a healthy infant. While diarrhea can indicate an imbalance in gut flora, it is not directly related to the development of oral thrush. Option C) diabetes is also an unlikely cause in a healthy infant without any other symptoms or risk factors for diabetes. Option D) use of dirty bottles could contribute to oral thrush if the bottles are not properly cleaned and sanitized, but it is not as likely as broad-spectrum antibiotic use in this scenario. Educational Context: It is important for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric patients, to be aware of the common causes of conditions like oral thrush. Understanding the relationship between broad-spectrum antibiotics and yeast infections can help in both prevention and treatment strategies. Proper education on antibiotic use, including the importance of completing the full course and discussing potential side effects with healthcare providers, can help reduce the incidence of conditions like oral thrush in infants and children.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) cholecystitis. Cholecystitis is a common cause of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients, especially those with risk factors such as obesity, a high-fat diet, or sickle cell disease. Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones obstructing the cystic duct. This obstruction leads to pain, tenderness, and fever. Option A) spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is more commonly seen in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites, not typically a cause of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients. Option C) pneumonia (lower lobes) commonly presents with respiratory symptoms such as cough, fever, and difficulty breathing, rather than abdominal pain. Option D) urinary tract infection usually presents with symptoms such as urinary frequency, urgency, dysuria, and may cause suprapubic discomfort, but it is not a common cause of acute abdominal pain. Educationally, understanding the differential diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in pediatric patients is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers. By knowing the common causes and associated symptoms, healthcare professionals can provide prompt and appropriate care to children presenting with abdominal pain, ensuring timely management and improved outcomes.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cow's milk protein intolerance is a common pediatric gastrointestinal disorder that can manifest in various ways. The correct answer, B) streaks of bloody mucus in stools, is characteristic of this condition. This is due to the inflammation and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract caused by an immune response to cow's milk proteins. The presence of bloody mucus in stools is a key sign of intestinal inflammation and damage in infants with this intolerance. Option A) abdominal tenderness is a common symptom in many gastrointestinal disorders and is not specific to cow's milk protein intolerance. Option C) abdominal distention can occur in a variety of gastrointestinal issues and is not unique to this condition. Option D) vomiting is a nonspecific symptom and is not a primary characteristic of cow's milk protein intolerance. Educationally, understanding the specific manifestations of pediatric gastrointestinal disorders like cow's milk protein intolerance is crucial for nurses and healthcare providers caring for infants and children. Recognizing the signs and symptoms helps in timely diagnosis, appropriate management, and prevention of complications associated with these conditions. This knowledge is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In pediatric gastrointestinal disorders, understanding the osmolality and renal solute load of different feeding options is crucial for ensuring optimal nutrition and preventing complications. The correct answer is C) standard formula. Standard formula has the highest osmolality and renal solute load among the given options. This high osmolality can put stress on the infant's kidneys as they work harder to excrete the excess solutes, potentially leading to issues such as dehydration or electrolyte imbalances. Option A) breast milk is the optimal choice for infants due to its balanced composition and lower osmolality compared to formula. Option B) breast milk after freezing and pasteurizing may have slightly altered nutritional content but still remains a better choice than formula due to its lower osmolality. Option D) soy formula is an alternative to standard formula for infants with specific dietary needs, but it does not have as high osmolality and renal solute load as standard formula. Educationally, this question highlights the importance of understanding the composition of different feeding options for infants with gastrointestinal disorders. It emphasizes the need to select appropriate feeding choices based on osmolality and renal solute load to promote optimal health outcomes for pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer for the question "The greatest consequence of undernutrition is" is C) death. This option is correct because undernutrition, especially in children, can lead to severe complications and even death if not addressed promptly. Children who are undernourished are at a higher risk of developing life-threatening conditions such as organ failure, weakened immune system, and inability to fight off infections. Option A) stunted growth is a consequence of chronic undernutrition, but it is not as severe or immediate as death. Stunted growth can be a long-term effect of undernutrition and can impact a child's physical development. Option B) recurrent infections can also be a consequence of undernutrition due to a weakened immune system. While recurrent infections can be serious, they are not as immediate or severe as death, which is the greatest consequence of undernutrition. Option D) intellectual disability can occur if undernutrition happens during critical periods of brain development, but death is a more immediate and severe consequence of undernutrition. In an educational context, it is crucial for healthcare providers, especially those working with pediatric populations, to understand the serious implications of undernutrition. Early identification and intervention are vital in preventing the devastating consequences of undernutrition in children. Nutritional assessment, education, and support play a crucial role in addressing undernutrition and promoting the health and well-being of children.