Pernicious anemia is developed due to deficiency of:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin B12. Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of Vitamin B12, which is essential for the production of red blood cells. Without enough Vitamin B12, the body cannot make sufficient healthy red blood cells, leading to anemia. Erythropoietin (choice A) is a hormone that stimulates red blood cell production but is not directly related to pernicious anemia. Iron (choice C) deficiency leads to iron-deficiency anemia, not pernicious anemia. Vitamin B6 (choice D) deficiency can cause a different type of anemia but not pernicious anemia specifically.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: A: Incorrect. Bradycardic agents like Falipamil and Alinidine primarily act on cardiac tissue to decrease heart rate. They do not directly stimulate nerve endings to cause reflex and vascular dilative actions. B: Correct. The main effect of bradycardic drugs is to decrease heart rate without significant changes in arterial pressure. C: Correct. Bradycardic agents reduce oxygen demand on the heart which can be protective, especially in conditions like angina pectoris. D: Correct. Specific bradycardic agents are indeed used in the management of cardiovascular disorders like sinus tachyarrhythmias and angina pectoris.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Rationale: 1. Aminalon and Picamilon are GABA derivatives known to influence blood flow in the brain by enhancing cerebral circulation. 2. GABA derivatives like Aminalon and Picamilon act as vasodilators, improving blood flow without affecting blood pressure. 3. Nimodipine and Cinnarizine are calcium channel blockers that mainly act on vascular smooth muscle, not directly related to GABA. 4. Heparin and Warfarin are anticoagulants used to prevent blood clots, not directly affecting blood flow in the brain. 5. Vinpocetine and Nicergoline are vasodilators that enhance cerebral blood flow, but they are not derivatives of GABA.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: FALSE. Bovine insulin is actually more antigenic than porcine insulin due to differences in amino acid sequences between bovines and humans, leading to a higher likelihood of immune response. Choice A is incorrect as it states that bovine insulin is less antigenic, which is false. Choices C and D do not apply since the correct answer is B.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C. Glucocorticoids do have anti-inflammatory effects, not pro-inflammatory effects. Glucocorticoids work by suppressing the immune system and reducing inflammation. This is why they are commonly used to treat inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma. Choices A, B, and D are correct statements about glucocorticoids. Choice A is correct because glucocorticoids exert their effects by binding to glucocorticoid receptors, which are part of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Choice B is correct because glucocorticoids do have dose-related metabolic effects on carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism. Choice D is correct because glucocorticoids do have catabolic effects in various tissues such as lymphoid and connective tissue, muscle, fat, and skin.