Peptic ulcer disease may be caused by which of the following?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Helicobacter pylori. H. pylori is a common bacterium known to cause peptic ulcer disease by damaging the protective lining of the stomach and small intestine. This bacterium is a major risk factor for developing peptic ulcers. Clostridium difficile (B) is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea, not peptic ulcers. Candida albicans (C) is a fungal infection that can cause oral thrush or vaginal yeast infections, not peptic ulcers. Staphylococcus aureus (D) can cause skin infections, food poisoning, or pneumonia, but it is not a common cause of peptic ulcers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: 12. Molars are the broad, flat teeth at the back of the mouth used for grinding food. In an adult, there are 12 molars - 3 on each side of the upper and lower jaws. This totals to 12 out of 32 teeth. Therefore, the correct answer is D. A: 2 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult. B: 4 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult. C: 8 - This is incorrect as it is too low for the number of molars in an adult.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: cardiac region. The region of the stomach around the opening from the esophagus is called the cardiac region because it is closest to the heart. The cardiac region is located near the top of the stomach, where the esophagus connects. This area contains the cardiac sphincter, which helps prevent backflow of stomach contents into the esophagus. The other choices are incorrect because: - A: pyloric region is located at the bottom of the stomach and connects to the small intestine. - B: body refers to the main central part of the stomach. - D: fundus is the upper portion of the stomach, above the cardiac region.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B. Brunner's glands produce mucus and are found in the duodenum. This is because mucus helps protect the duodenal lining from acidic chyme entering from the stomach. Choice A is incorrect as Brunner's glands do not produce hormones. Choice C is incorrect as enzymes are primarily produced by the pancreas and small intestine. Choice D is incorrect as Brunner's glands are not found in the ileum and do not produce mucus in that location.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: duodenum. Pancreatic juice is secreted by acinar cells in the pancreas and is released into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine. This is where pancreatic enzymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The stomach (choice A) secretes gastric juice, not pancreatic juice. The jejunum (choice C) and ileum (choice D) are parts of the small intestine where absorption of nutrients occurs, but they are not the sites of pancreatic juice secretion.