Pectus carinatum (pigeon chest) is characterized by all the following EXCEPT:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory assessment, understanding conditions like pectus carinatum is crucial for nurses to provide optimal care. Pectus carinatum is characterized by a protrusion of the sternum and ribs, creating a pigeon-like appearance. The correct answer, A, states that pectus carinatum does not account for 4 times more females being affected. This is correct because pectus carinatum actually shows a male preponderance, as seen in option B. Option C, stating a 5-15% familial occurrence, is incorrect because pectus carinatum actually has a higher familial occurrence rate, ranging from 25-40%. Option D, mentioning an association with mild mitral valve disease, is also incorrect as pectus carinatum is primarily a chest wall deformity and is not typically linked to heart conditions. In an educational context, understanding the demographics, familial patterns, and associations of pectus carinatum helps nurses provide holistic care to pediatric patients. Knowing these details can guide nursing interventions, such as chest physiotherapy techniques, respiratory assessments, and psychosocial support for affected individuals and their families.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory assessment, knowing the causes of inspiratory stridor in infants is crucial for accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention. The correct answer is D) Laryngomalacia. Laryngomalacia is the most common cause of inspiratory stridor in infants, characterized by the inward collapse of the supraglottic structures during inspiration. Subglottic stenosis (A) is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords and typically presents with biphasic stridor. Laryngeal web (B) is a congenital anomaly where a membrane partially obstructs the airway, leading to stridor. Airway hemangioma (C) is a vascular growth that can cause airway obstruction and stridor, but it tends to present with a different quality of stridor. Educationally, understanding these distinctions is vital for nurses caring for pediatric patients. Recognizing laryngomalacia as a common cause of inspiratory stridor in infants helps in prompt identification and management, ensuring optimal respiratory outcomes for these vulnerable patients. Nurses should be adept at differentiating various causes of stridor through comprehensive assessments to provide timely and effective interventions.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B) Very low birth weight. Palivizumab is indicated for some infants under 2 years old with certain risk factors, such as very low birth weight, to provide protection against severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. Infants with very low birth weight are at higher risk for severe RSV infection due to their underdeveloped immune systems and respiratory systems. Option A) Spasmodic croup is not an indication for palivizumab. Croup is typically caused by viruses other than RSV. Option C) Cyanotic congenital heart disease is a risk factor for severe RSV infection, but it is not the indication specifically mentioned for palivizumab use in this scenario. Option D) GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is not a risk factor for severe RSV infection and is not an indication for palivizumab administration. Educationally, it is crucial for healthcare providers, particularly nurses, to understand the appropriate use of medications like palivizumab to prevent severe respiratory illnesses in vulnerable pediatric populations. By knowing the specific indications for palivizumab, nurses can advocate for appropriate treatment and support families in protecting their infants from RSV-related complications. Understanding the rationale behind these indications is essential for providing safe and effective care to pediatric patients.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C) Adenovirus type 21. Swyer-James syndrome, or unilateral hyperlucent lung, is a condition characterized by focal or unilateral hyperlucency of the lung due to pulmonary vascular hypoplasia, air trapping, and reduced bronchial size following severe necrotizing pneumonia in childhood. Adenovirus type 21 is specifically associated with the development of this syndrome due to its propensity to cause severe necrotizing pneumonia, leading to the described radiographic findings. Option A) Influenza virus is incorrect because although influenza can cause severe respiratory infections, it is not specifically linked to Swyer-James syndrome. Option B) Parainfluenza virus is also incorrect as it primarily causes upper respiratory tract infections and is not a known cause of this syndrome. Option D) Rhinovirus is incorrect as it is a common cause of the common cold and generally does not lead to the severe necrotizing pneumonia associated with Swyer-James syndrome. Understanding the specific viral etiology associated with Swyer-James syndrome is crucial for pediatric nurses as it informs their assessment, management, and education of patients and families. Recognizing the link between Adenovirus type 21 and this syndrome can aid in early identification and appropriate interventions to prevent long-term complications. This knowledge enhances the nurse's ability to provide comprehensive care and support to pediatric patients with respiratory conditions.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: In pediatric respiratory assessment, sweat testing is a crucial diagnostic tool for conditions like cystic fibrosis. False negative results on sweat testing can occur in conditions that impact the sweat production or composition. The correct answer, "A) Edema," can lead to false negative results as it causes swelling and accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces, affecting the sweat secretion and composition. Option B) Eczema does not directly affect sweat production or composition, so it would not result in false negatives on sweat testing. Option C) Hypothyroidism and Option D) Dehydration may affect sweat quantity but not significantly alter the composition to cause false negatives on sweat testing for cystic fibrosis. In an educational context, understanding the factors that can influence sweat testing results is vital for nurses and healthcare providers who care for pediatric patients. This knowledge ensures accurate interpretation of diagnostic tests, leading to timely and appropriate interventions. Nurses must be able to differentiate conditions that can impact test results to provide optimal care for children undergoing respiratory assessments.