Patients with renal failure can be treated by

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All dialysis (blood filtering), CAPD (peritoneal), transplant treat renal failure (e.g., replace kidney function). Dialysis alone omits options partial. CAPD alone excludes others limited. Transplant alone ignores temporaries insufficient. Comprehensive treatments distinguish it, key to renal management, unlike singular approaches.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Each H secreted pairs with Na reabsorption e.g., Na /H exchanger in PCT maintains electroneutrality. pH doubling is logarithmic false. Aldosterone isn't directly tied separate control. pH decrease is blood not tubule effect. Na reabsorption distinguishes it, key to ion balance, unlike pH or hormonal errors.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Increased cardiac output boosts GFR e.g., more blood pressure (~55 mmHg) at glomerulus. Lower BP decreases GFR opposite. Less fluid reduces volume not GFR directly. Temperature affects skin not kidneys. Cardiac output's effect distinguishes it, key to filtration rate, unlike pressure drop or external factors.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Urea clearance = UV/P: U=18.2 mg/mL, V=2 mL/min, P=26 mg/100 mL = 0.26 mg/mL. (18.2 × 2) / 0.26 = 36.4 / 0.26 ≈ 70 mL/min e.g., partial reabsorption. 35 underestimates half off. 105/140 overstate exceed GFR. 70 distinguishes it, critical for clearance calc, unlike wrong values.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Angiotensin II stimulates zona glomerulosa e.g., aldosterone release for Na retention. JG cells secrete renin not AII. Urethra is exit not hormone. Macula densa is JGA not stimulator. Adrenal trigger distinguishes it, critical for RAAS, unlike secretion or structural errors.