Parents have requested that their child be brought up to date on appropriate immunizations. After reviewing the child’s medical history, the nurse prepares to give the two immunizations. What additional action should be taken by the nurse before administration of the immunization?

Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produces VISs that explain the benefits and risks of vaccine to vaccine recipients, their parents, or their legal representatives. Federal law requires that VISs be handed out whenever (before each dose) certain vaccinations are given. Because the parents have previously had the child receive immunizations, they clearly have chosen to continue with immunizations so they do not need to hear the pros and cons of children being immunized. Children cannot give consent, only assent, to procedures. Because the child is a minor, the child’s parents make the decisions. [Note: The document lists E as the answer, implying an unlisted option: 'Give the parents the Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)', which aligns with the rationale.]

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The most advantageous research design, because it obtains more reliable information and can more easily establish a stronger temporal relationship between presumed causal factors and their effects, is a longitudinal cohort prospective study. A cross-sectional study examines relationships between potential causal factors and disease at a specific time. A descriptive study focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population. A prospective study monitors a group of disease-free individuals to determine if and when disease occurs. A retrospective study compares individuals with a particular condition or disease with those who do not have the disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Measures of effect (e.g., risk ratio, odds ratio) quantify the strength of the association between exposure and outcome (C), indicating how strongly they are linked (e.g., smoking and lung cancer). A is about causation, not measurement. B relates to intervention effects, not association strength. D addresses confounders, not the exposure-outcome link.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Surveillance (B) tracks disease patterns to monitor and control spread (e.g., flu surveillance). Diagnosis (A) and treatment (C) are clinical, while risk factor identification (D) is a study goal, not surveillance.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Herd immunity (C) is population resistance when a high proportion are immune (e.g., via vaccination, B), protecting others. A is individual, D is passive.